Question 1

Four-year-old Cynthia's mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are fruits. However, one day, Cynthia's mother gives her an orange. She tells Cynthia that oranges are also fruits. Which of the following is most likely to occur to Cynthia's scheme of fruits?

Accepted Answer

The most likely outcome is that Cynthia will incorporate the new information about oranges into her existing scheme of fruits, which will now include both apples and oranges. This is consistent with the process of assimilation, where new information is integrated into existing cognitive structures. Option A is not likely as Cynthia is likely to generalize the concept of fruit to include oranges, rather than create a new scheme specifically for oranges. Option B is also not likely as Cynthia is likely to be curious about the new information and incorporate it into her existing knowledge. Option D is not likely as Cynthia is unlikely to eliminate the concept of apples altogether based on one new piece of information.

Question 2

The major limitation of correlational information is that it:

Accepted Answer

Correlational information only shows a relationship between two variables, but cannot determine which variable is causing the change in the other variable. Therefore, it cannot be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Question 3

Jeremy's parents die in an accident in 1999 when he was 12. During his stay at his first foster home, Jeremy is caught shoplifting twice in the next six months and let go with a warning. Two years later he was placed in a youth detention center for assault and robbery on a grocery store. In the context of the ecological perspective, Jeremy's current situation was most likely due to the influence of his _____.

Accepted Answer

The chronosystem includes the dimension of time as it relates to a child's environments. Events like the death of Jeremy's parents and his subsequent actions over time are influenced by this system, highlighting how changes and transitions over time affect his development and behavior.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of the scope of the biological perspective?

Accepted Answer

The biological perspective focuses on the role of biology (such as hormones, genetics, and reproduction) in development. It does not cover topics such as encoding information or psychosexual stages. Therefore, option D is the correct choice.

Question 5

In the context of human development, which of the following is true of the chronosystem?

Accepted Answer

The chronosystem refers to the impact of time on development, including both historical time and the person's own lifespan. This includes interactions with environmental changes that occur over the life course, such as technology advancements, societal changes, and personal experiences such as the birth of a sibling or a divorce. Choices A, B, and D refer to other ecological systems in Bronfenbrenner's model of human development.

Question 6

Gina's mother is a vice president in a large company. Her work requires long hours at the office. As a result, she is unable to make it to Gina's soccer games. Which of the following systems is represented by Gina's mother's workplace?

Accepted Answer

The workplace is not a direct involvement or influence (microsystem) nor does it involve the broader cultural context (macrosystem), but rather impacts Gina indirectly through her mother's absence (exosystem).

Question 7

Dr. Fitzsimmons is an evolutionary psychologist. He studies the ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior. Given his background, which of the following statements is he most likely expected to make?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Fitzsimmons is an evolutionary psychologist. He...

Question 8

In the context of the nature-nurture controversy, nature refers to the influence of _____.

Accepted Answer

Nature in the context of the nature-nurture controversy refers to the influence of heredity on a person's traits and characteristics. This includes genetic factors that are passed down from parents, such as physical attributes or predispositions to certain health conditions or personality traits.

Question 9

Paul believes that the manner in which people interact with each other and the environment in which they live in are critical to understanding human development. He is most likely studying the _____ on human development.

Accepted Answer

The ecological perspective focuses on how human development is influenced by the interaction between people and their environment. This includes social, cultural, economic, and physical factors that affect development. It is concerned with how individuals adapt to their environment and how their environment can promote or hinder their development. Therefore, Paul is most likely studying the ecological perspective on human development.

Question 10

In the context of the ecological systems theory of development, the _____ involves the interactions of the various settings within the microsystem.

Accepted Answer

The mesosystem refers to the interactions and connections between different settings within a child's microsystem, such as the relationships between the child's family and school or between their peers and parents. The mesosystem thus reflects how the different microsystem settings can mutually influence and impact one another, shaping the child's experiences and development. The endosystem and exosystem, in contrast, refer to more distant or indirect influences on the child's development (such as the parent's workplace or cultural norms), while the chronosystem refers to changes and historical shifts in the child's environment over time.

Question 11

The nature-nurture debate is concerned with:

Accepted Answer

The nature-nurture debate is concerned with the relationship between heredity (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) on human development. It seeks to understand which factors contribute more to the development of traits, behaviors, and abilities. The other options, A, B, and D, are not accurate descriptions of the nature-nurture debate.

Question 12

Which of the following is a similarity between Piaget's cognitive developmental theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a similarity...

Question 13

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory suggests that:

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction, specifically a child's interactions with more knowledgeable adults or peers, in shaping cognitive development. It stresses that learning does not happen in isolation but rather through a complex process of socialization and cultural transmission. Therefore, choice A, which highlights the role of adult-child interactions in organizing learning experiences, is the best choice.

Question 14

Which of the following methods of study is advocated by Urie Bronfenbrenner?

Accepted Answer

Urie Bronfenbrenner advocated for the ecological systems theory, which emphasizes studying the bidirectional interactions between an individual and their environment. This includes studying the interactions between a child and their parents (microsystem) as well as the larger societal and cultural factors that influence development (macrosystem).

Question 15

Which of the following measures is taken up by teachers who follow Piaget's views?

Accepted Answer

Teachers who follow Piaget's views believe in the importance of matching instructions to the child's developmental level. The focus is on helping the child progress to the next stage of development, rather than suppressing behavior or treating all children as processing information in the same manner.

Question 16

Robbie is a four-year-old who goes to a play school when his mother goes to work. He spends his weekdays in this school, and he gets to play with other children who are his age and also listen to rhymes and stories from his teacher. Which of the following systems is represented by Robbie's play school?

Accepted Answer

Robbie's play school represents the microsystem, which refers to the immediate environment in which he interacts with regularly, including family, school, peers, and caregivers.

Question 17

In the context of human development, which of the following is true of the macrosystem?

Accepted Answer

The macrosystem refers to the larger cultural and societal context in which the individual exists, including cultural values, customs, and laws. It involves interactions based on the cultural settings of the individual, rather than any specific interactions with schools or caregiving. Environmental changes may be a part of the macrosystem, but they are not the defining characteristic.

Question 18

In the context of human development, which of the following is true of the mesosystem?

Accepted Answer

The mesosystem involves interactions between different microsystems, such as home and school or school and community. Therefore, option A is the correct choice as it identifies the interaction between the school and the larger community as one example of an interaction in the mesosystem. Option B is incorrect as it refers to the macrosystem, which involves the larger cultural context. Option C is incorrect as it refers to the chronosystem, which involves temporal changes. Option D is incorrect as it refers to the microsystem, which involves interactions with caregivers and family members.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of the sociocultural perspective?

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural perspective examines the impact of human diversity on people.

Question 20

The _____ approach broadens the strategies for intervention in problems such as prevention of teenage pregnancy, child abuse, and juvenile offending, including substance use disorders.

Accepted Answer

The ecological approach focuses on understanding the multiple levels of influence on an individual's behavior, including environmental, social, and cultural factors. This approach recognizes that individual behavior is shaped not only by personal factors, but by the broader context in which the person lives. Therefore, the ecological approach broadens the strategies for intervention in a variety of problems, including the prevention of teenage pregnancy, child abuse, and substance use disorders.

Quiz 1: History, Theories, and Methods