Question 1

Professor Ocampo studies drinking behavior in rats. She has found that rats will begin drinking when
A) aldosterone reaches the OVLT.
B) aldosterone reaches the subfornical organ.
C) angiotensin II reaches the OVLT.
D) angiotensin II reaches the subfornical organ.

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II reaching the subfornical organ is known to trigger drinking behavior in rats, as this area of the brain is involved in the regulation of thirst and fluid balance.

Question 2

Aldosterone is released by the
A) kidneys.
B) anterior pituitary gland.
C) posterior pituitary gland.
D) adrenal glands.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, specifically the outer layer known as the adrenal cortex.

Question 3

Renin is released by the
A) pituitary glands in response to ADH.
B) kidneys in response to ADH.
C) pituitary glands in response to angiotensin II.
D) kidneys in response to angiotensin II.

Accepted Answer

Renin is released by the kidneys in response to signals such as low blood pressure, decreased sodium concentration, or sympathetic nervous system activation, not directly in response to ADH (antidiuretic hormone). However, ADH affects mechanisms that can influence these signals.

Question 4

Denisse's _______ released renin in order to _______.
A) kidneys; trigger the release of ADH
B) kidneys; convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin II
C) posterior pituitary gland; convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin II
D) posterior pituitary gland; trigger the release of ADH

Accepted Answer

The kidneys release renin in order to initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which ultimately results in the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin II. This hormone then causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure. The release of ADH is regulated by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood volume and pressure, but it is not directly related to the release of renin.

Question 5

Kyle's father loves to add salt to his food, but given the family's history of high blood pressure and stroke, he is trying to avoid this practice. Why is eating less salt important in controlling blood pressure?
A) Excess salt damages the kidneys, resulting in a buildup of fluids leading to high blood pressure.
B) The kidneys get accustomed to higher levels of salt, interfering with their ability to monitor fluid levels properly.
C) High levels of salt in the blood cause water to leave the cells, and the higher blood volume increases blood pressure.
D) Higher levels of salt intake stimulate overdrinking and the resulting higher blood volume leads to high blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Kyle's father loves to add salt to...

Question 6

Researchers have identified the _________ as the most likely location of osmoreceptors.
A) POA of the hypothalamus
B) posterior hypothalamus
C) lateral hypothalamus
D) organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

Accepted Answer

The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) is located in the anterior part of the third ventricle and is known as the primary location for osmoreceptor cells in the brain. Osmoreceptors are specialized cells that respond to changes in the concentration of electrolytes and water in the blood, and are responsible for regulating water balance in the body. The other identified regions of the hypothalamus (POA, posterior, and lateral) are not specifically associated with osmoreceptor function.

Question 7

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in response to
A) osmotic thirst only.
B) hypovolemic thirst only.
C) either osmotic or hypovolemic thirst.
D) release of renin.

Accepted Answer

ADH is released in response to both osmotic thirst (when the extracellular fluid becomes too concentrated) and hypovolemic thirst (when there is a decrease in blood volume or blood pressure). ADH acts on the kidneys to decrease urine output and conserve water, thereby helping to restore fluid balance in the body. It is not released in response to the release of renin, which is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Question 8

The subfornical organ communicates directly with the
A) posterior pituitary.
B) lateral hypothalamus.
C) median preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) zona incerta.

Accepted Answer

The subfornical organ is known to communicate directly with the median preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, playing a role in fluid balance and cardiovascular regulation.

Question 9

Baroreceptors are located in the
A) OVLT.
B) heart and kidneys.
C) medulla.
D) stomach and digestive tract.

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptors are sensors located in the walls of the heart and major blood vessels, as well as in the kidneys, that detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brain (specifically the medulla oblongata) to help regulate blood pressure and maintain homeostasis. They are not located in the OVLT, stomach or digestive tract.

Question 10

The function of angiotensin II is to
A) constrict blood vessels and trigger the release of aldosterone.
B) constrict blood vessels and trigger the release of renin.
C) dilate blood vessels and trigger the release of aldosterone.
D) dilate blood vessels and trigger the release of renin.

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II is a hormone that causes vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels), which increases blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, which leads to the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, further increasing blood volume and pressure. Therefore, choice A is the best option as it correctly identifies the two main functions of angiotensin II.

Question 11

Monica had a serious case of the flu, with lots of vomiting and diarrhea. When she called the Health Center for advice, a nurse told her to
A) drink as much plain water as possible.
B) drink sports drinks containing sodium instead of plain water.
C) avoid drinking anything until the vomiting and diarrhea stopped completely.
D) drink coffee or tea without cream or sugar.

Accepted Answer

When Monica has a serious case of flu with lots of vomiting and diarrhea, she may lose electrolytes in addition to fluids. Therefore, it is better for her to drink sports drinks containing sodium rather than plain water. These sports drinks will help to replace the lost electrolytes and fluids, which can help to reduce the severity of symptoms.

Question 12

Vomiting and diarrhea may be life threatening when _________ sodium levels lead to_________ blood pressure.
A) reduced; low
B) reduced; high
C) increased; low
D) increased; high

Accepted Answer

Vomiting and diarrhea can cause a loss of sodium, which can lead to reduced blood volume and low blood pressure. This can be life-threatening if left untreated. Therefore, the correct choice is A, where reduced sodium levels lead to low blood pressure.

Question 13

Osmoreceptors appear to
A) increase their rate of firing when placed in a hypertonic solution and decrease their rate of firing when placed in a hypotonic solution.
B) increase their rate of firing when placed in a hypotonic solution and decrease their rate of firing when placed in a hypertonic solution.
C) increase their rate of firing when blood pressure drops.
D) decrease their rate of firing when blood pressure drops.

Accepted Answer

Osmoreceptors are sensitive to the osmolarity of the surrounding fluid. In a hypertonic solution, where the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell, water moves out of the osmoreceptors, causing them to shrink and increase their firing rate. Conversely, in a hypotonic solution, where the concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell, water moves into the osmoreceptors, causing them to swell and decrease their firing rate.

Question 14

When hypovolemia is experimentally induced in research animals, they usually show
A) avoidance of sodium.
B) a specific hunger for sodium.
C) lack of thirst.
D) a specific hunger for glucose.

Accepted Answer

When hypovolemia occurs, the body experiences a decrease in blood volume, and this triggers a specific hunger for sodium to restore fluid balance. This sodium hunger is believed to be caused by the activation of specialized sodium sensors in the brain that stimulate the desire to consume sodium-rich foods or fluids. Therefore, the best choice is B, a specific hunger for sodium.

Question 15

Chris just ate some really salty snacks. He is now experiencing
A) osmotic thirst due to loss of intracellular fluid.
B) osmotic thirst due to loss of extracellular fluid.
C) hypovolemic thirst due to loss of intracellular fluid.
D) hypovolemic thirst due to loss of extracellular fluid.

Accepted Answer

Eating salty snacks leads to an increase in the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid. This causes water to move out of cells to balance the solute concentration, leading to a decrease in intracellular fluid volume and triggering osmotic thirst.

Question 16

(see Figure 9.12) Shanda is studying this diagram because she has a quiz on how the body responds to _______ tomorrow.

A) normal eating behavior
B) temperature
C) thirst
D) abnormal eating behavior

Accepted Answer

The answer of  (see Figure 9.12) Shanda is studying this...

Question 17

Extreme thirst may occur in cases of diabetes mellitus due to
A) low blood volume.
B) low concentrations of solutes in the blood.
C) high concentrations of solutes in the blood.
D) high blood volume.

Accepted Answer

In diabetes mellitus, the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar levels, leading to high concentrations of glucose (solutes) in the blood. This results in increased urination, which can cause dehydration and extreme thirst. Therefore, choice C (high concentrations of solutes in the blood) is the best choice.

Question 18

Medications used to treat high blood pressure include _________ because they _________ blood volume.
A) antidiuretics; increase
B) antidiuretics; reduce
C) diuretics; increase
D) diuretics; reduce

Accepted Answer

Diuretics work by reducing blood volume, which in turn reduces blood pressure. Antidiuretics, on the other hand, increase blood volume and are not used to treat high blood pressure.

Question 19

Professor Wedell tells her class that baroreceptors are important because they measure
A) blood pressure.
B) intracellular fluid volume.
C) sodium levels in the blood.
D) interstitial fluid volume.

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptors are specialized sensory receptors located in the walls of blood vessels and the heart that are responsible for monitoring changes in blood pressure. They send signals to the brain, which then helps regulate blood pressure by adjusting heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and other factors. Baroreceptors do not measure intracellular or interstitial fluid volume or sodium levels in the blood.

Question 20

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to
A) retain sodium.
B) excrete sodium.
C) increase urine production.
D) decrease urine production.

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone is a hormone that signals the kidneys to retain sodium, which leads to increased water retention in the body. It is important for regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

Quiz 9: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward

Professor Ocampo studies drinking behavior in rats. She has found that rats will begin drinking when

Aldosterone is released by the

Renin is released by the

Denisse's _ released renin in order to _.

Kyle's father loves to add salt to his food, but given the family's history of high blood pressure and stroke, he is trying to avoid this practice. Why is eating less salt important in controlling blood pressure?

Researchers have identified the _________ as the most likely location of osmoreceptors.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in response to

The subfornical organ communicates directly with the

Baroreceptors are located in the

The function of angiotensin II is to

Monica had a serious case of the flu, with lots of vomiting and diarrhea. When she called the Health Center for advice, a nurse told her to

Vomiting and diarrhea may be life threatening when _ sodium levels lead to_ blood pressure.

Osmoreceptors appear to

When hypovolemia is experimentally induced in research animals, they usually show

Chris just ate some really salty snacks. He is now experiencing

(see Figure 9.12) Shanda is studying this diagram because she has a quiz on how the body responds to _______ tomorrow.

Extreme thirst may occur in cases of diabetes mellitus due to

Medications used to treat high blood pressure include _ because they _ blood volume.

Professor Wedell tells her class that baroreceptors are important because they measure

Aldosterone signals the kidneys to