Question 1

Latasha and Brett are having their first child and are concerned that their child may have Down syndrome because Latasha is more than 40 years old.Which of the following would most likely be used to help Latasha and Brett through this process?

Accepted Answer

An ultrasound and genetic counseling would most likely be used to help Latasha and Brett through this process because these tests can provide information about the baby's health and can help to rule out Down syndrome.

Question 2

What prenatal technique uses a long, hollow needle to extract amniotic fluid at 15 to 20 weeks of pregnancy to examine the fetus's genotype?

Accepted Answer

Amniocentesis is the prenatal technique that uses a long, hollow needle to extract amniotic fluid at 15 to 20 weeks of pregnancy to examine the fetus's genotype. Chorionic villus sampling, on the other hand, takes a sample of the placenta, and alphafetal protein is a blood test that can screen for certain developmental problems. Ultrasound is a prenatal technique that uses sound waves to produce images of the fetus.

Question 3

Individuals with __________ are more likely to develop leukemia, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, or heart disease at earlier ages than usual (in their 30s and 40s).

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. This means that individuals with Down syndrome have an increased risk of developing leukemia, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, or heart disease at earlier ages than usual (in their 30s and 40s).

Question 4

What prenatal technique can be used to examine the status of the fetus by taking samples of the cells that are beginning to form the umbilical cord?

Accepted Answer

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a prenatal technique that involves taking a sample of cells from the chorionic villi, which are tiny finger-like projections that form the placenta and begin to form the umbilical cord. This sample can be used to examine the genetic status of the fetus for abnormalities or disorders. Amniocentesis involves taking a sample of the amniotic fluid, which surrounds the fetus, and is typically used to screen for genetic disorders or to check the health of the fetus. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) screening is a blood test that measures levels of a protein produced by the fetus to screen for some fetal abnormalities. Ultrasound involves using high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the fetus and is used to check on the growth and development of the fetus. However, it does not involve taking samples of cells for genetic testing.

Question 5

Some couples seek genetic counseling before attempting a pregnancy because they __________.

Accepted Answer

Couples seek genetic counseling if they believe that they might be carriers for a genetic disorder. It helps them to determine the likelihood of their child inheriting the disorder and make informed decisions about their reproductive options.

Question 6

The ova of a 42-year-old woman trying to conceive are ________ old.

Accepted Answer

The age of a woman's ova is the same as her age, meaning that the ova of a 42-year-old woman are 42 years old. A woman's ova do not age and become "older" with time like male sperm does.

Question 7

What helps children with trisomy-21 develop more favorably?

Accepted Answer

Supportive and encouraging parents can have a significant impact on the development and well-being of children with trisomy-21. Positive parenting practices such as providing a nurturing and stimulating environment, promoting physical activity, and encouraging socialization and communication can enhance the child's cognitive, physical, and emotional development. While hormone replacement therapy and heart transplants may be necessary in some cases, they are not universally applicable or effective in improving outcomes for children with trisomy-21. Weekly motor treatments may be beneficial for some children with physical impairments, but they are not a primary factor in overall development.

Question 8

__________ is the cheapest, easiest, and safest way for physicians to monitor fetal development.

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound is the cheapest, easiest, and safest way for physicians to monitor fetal development. Genetic counseling, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling are all procedures that involve some level of invasiveness, risk, and/or expense.

Question 9

Which of the following are three techniques used to monitor pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound is used to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and to detect any potential abnormalities. Amniocentesis is used to test for genetic disorders, and chorionic villus sampling is used to test for chromosomal abnormalities. These are all common techniques used to monitor pregnancy.

Question 10

Fifty-five-year-old Hansen wants to have a child with his new bride.You express your concerns and explain to your friend that biological fathers who are 45 years or older have increased rates of offspring born with __________.

Accepted Answer

Older paternal age is associated with an increased risk of multifactorial disorders in offspring due to mutations in sperm that accumulate over time. These disorders can include autism, schizophrenia, and other conditions that result from the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

Question 11

Over the past century, infertility rates in __________ have remained constant at 10% to 15% of couples.

Accepted Answer

According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, infertility rates in the United States have remained constant at 10% to 15% of couples over the past century.

Question 12

Adult individuals with trisomy-21 are __________.

Accepted Answer

While individuals with trisomy-21 may face cognitive and developmental challenges, they are often able to lead fulfilling lives with adequate support. This may include employment in highly structured jobs. Institutionalization and shortened lifespan are not typical outcomes for adults with trisomy-21. College attendance may be less common, but still possible with the right support.

Question 13

__________ increases the risk of having a child with Down syndrome.

Accepted Answer

Maternal age over 40 is the only option that increases the risk of having a child with Down syndrome. Smoking while pregnant and alcohol consumption may increase other health risks for the baby, but have not been linked specifically to Down syndrome. There is no scientific evidence to suggest that paternal stress increases the risk of Down syndrome.

Question 14

Which of the following techniques is used sparingly because there is a slight but genuine risk of miscarriage or damage to the fetus while having a 99% accuracy in diagnosing genetic problems?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following techniques is used...

Question 15

Infertility is defined as __________.

Accepted Answer

Infertility is the inability to conceive a child after at least one year of regular unprotected intercourse. It can be caused by various factors such as low sperm count or endometriosis, but the definition of infertility itself is based on the inability to conceive rather than a specific cause. D is not correct as infertility refers to the inability rather than the desire to have children.

Question 16

Pam is going to her obstetrician to have a procedure in which high-frequency waves will be used to examine the characteristics of her unborn fetus.Pam will be undergoing a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

The use of high-frequency waves to examine the unborn fetus is an ultrasound procedure. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling involve the collection of fetal cells for genetic testing, while alpha-fetoprotein is a blood test used to screen for certain fetal abnormalities.

Question 17

Multifactorial disorders such as __________ involve a combination or genetic and environmental factors.

Accepted Answer

Autism is a multifactorial disorder that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Research suggests that there are multiple genes involved in autism and that environmental factors, such as prenatal exposure to toxins, infections, and stress, also play a role.

Note: Down syndrome and Edward's syndrome are chromosomal disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 and 18, respectively. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect, which results from the incomplete development of the spinal cord during early embryonic development. While these disorders may be influenced by environmental factors, they are primarily caused by genetic factors.

Question 18

What technique of prenatal monitoring uses high-frequency sound waves that are directed toward the uterus and, as they bounce off the fetus, are converted by a computer to an image that can be viewed on a screen?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound is the technique of prenatal monitoring that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the fetus. The sound waves are directed toward the uterus and bounce off the fetus, which are then converted by a computer to an image that can be viewed on a screen. Genetic counseling, chorionic villus sampling, and amniocentesis are other techniques used for prenatal monitoring, but they do not involve the use of sound waves to create images of the fetus.

Question 19

Genetic counseling would be appropriate for which of the following couples?

Accepted Answer

Merriam and Samir have a history of miscarriages and infertility, which suggests that they may benefit from genetic counseling to explore potential genetic causes. It is important to note that while JJ and Jennifer may also benefit from genetic counseling, their unsuccessful round of artificial insemination is not necessarily an indication of a genetic issue. Stephen and Kerry's inability to become pregnant after only 2 months of trying is within the normal range of reproductive variability and does not necessarily require genetic counseling. Additionally, while Nguyen and Pham's history of diabetes may have genetic components, genetic counseling may not be necessary unless they are planning to start a family and want to assess potential risks to their offspring.

Question 20

Children born with chromosomal problems are almost always born to parents with __________.

Accepted Answer

Children born with chromosomal problems are almost always born to parents who themselves do not have any genetic or chromosomal disorders. These issues often arise due to errors in cell division (such as nondisjunction) that occur in the formation of the sperm or egg, rather than being inherited directly from parents who have the same or similar disorders.

Quiz 2: Genetics and Prenatal Development