Question 1

Winding DNA around __________ serves two major purposes: protection and compression.

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Question 2

The __________ describes how phospholipids,proteins,and other biological molecules come together to form a flexible cell membrane.

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Question 3

A water molecule is held together by polar covalent bonds.Because the electrons are not shared equally in this arrangement,water exhibits many unique characteristics that are beneficial for life (e.g.high surface tension).Discuss several of these characteristics and explain how they are beneficial to living organisms.

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Question 4

RNA is degraded by enzymes called __________.

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Question 5

Proteins,carbohydrates,and lipids all perform vital functions for an organism.Discuss some of these vital functions and what could happen to an animal if one of these biological molecules were removed from their diet.

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Question 6

Organisms typically release more CO₂ during periods of high activity.Based on your knowledge of the TCA cycle,explain how this occurs.

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Question 7

When the potential of a cell membrane becomes less negative,or gains more positive charges,the term __________ is applied.

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Question 8

Your book refers to the process of diffusion and mentions that both chemical and electrical gradients may influence this process.Explain why Na⁺ would be influenced by both chemical and electrical gradients,but glucose would not.

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Question 9

Steroid hormones use __________ as a precursor molecule.

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Question 10

The ratio between oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production is termed the __________.

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Question 11

Temperature and pH can have profound effects on the ionization states of molecules.Explain how they can cause these effects and why ionization is important physiologically.

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Question 12

What is the role of molecular chaperones?

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Question 13

Proteins form enzymes,transporters,channels,and many other critically important components of cells.Thus,it is essential that cells be able to regulate the amount of each protein that is available for use.What mechanisms are available to the cell for this regulation of protein levels?

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Question 14

An __________ protein is one that spans the entire membrane or is fixed in it.

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Question 15

The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump plays only a minor role in directly generating the resting membrane potential.(The electrogenic contributions are minimal. )However,the cell's membrane potential would not be possible without it.Explain how this can be true.

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Question 16

There are multiple ways that particles may cross a cellular membrane.Discuss the salient features of passive diffusion,facilitated diffusion,and active transport.

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Question 17

We know that fatty acids are an important source of energy for tissues.List the ketone bodies and explain why fatty acids sometimes need to be converted to ketone bodies before they can be used.Briefly summarize the two main steps in ketone metabolism.

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Question 18

Release of energy from many biological molecules requires oxygen,and yet some species are able to survive in conditions having little or no oxygen (hypoxia or anoxia).What adaptations allow them to do this?

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Quiz 3: Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology