Question 1

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?
A)Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is blowing in, so he cancels his trip.
B)After several hours of staring at the computer screen, Marley suddenly realizes the solution to the puzzle he is trying to solve.
C)Carey figures out if she doesn't give her boss a hard time, he's a lot nicer to be around.
D)Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved.

Accepted Answer

This demonstrates the concept of observational learning, and specifically the modeling effect, because Ingrid repeated a behavior that she observed in another.

Question 2

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from a cousin whom you haven't seen in years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of _____
A)spontaneous recovery.
B)insight.
C)the formation of a cognitive map.
D)unconscious trial-and-error imagery.

Accepted Answer

Tolman postulated the concept of the cognitive map, which was in marked contrast to the behaviorist views of the time.

Question 3

Toni just started a new job with a large company. She is unsure of what she should do at lunch time. She wonders, should she eat in her office? Should she go out to eat with her coworkers? Should she eat her lunch in the break room? She decides to wait until lunch time and see what others are doing and then follow suit. This is demonstrating _____
A)operant conditioning.
B)insight.
C)latent learning.
D)modeling.

Accepted Answer

Toni is seeking out models to base her behavior on.

Question 4

In a classic experiment, Tolman exposed a group of rats to a maze for 11 days before he introduced a food reward. These rats outperformed rats that had been given daily food rewards. This demonstrates _____
A)latent learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)observational learning.

Accepted Answer

Tolman theorized that the rats had been learning the maze in the first eleven days and were only motivated to improve performance after they were rewarded on day eleven.

Question 5

The mental representation of the layout of a college campus represents _____
A)a cognitive map.
B)latent learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)observational learning.

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental (or unseen)representation of the layout or location of specific objects/locations. For example, your ability to get around your own house, even in very dark rooms, exists because you have a cognitive map of your home.

Question 6

Sarah has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _____ has occurred.
A)latent learning
B)classical conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)classical and operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Sarah is demonstrating that she learned this route before she actually used that knowledge. This is the concept of latent learning.

Question 7

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is _____
A)Watson.
B)Thorndike.
C)Skinner.
D)Bandura.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning theory, also known as social learning theory, was developed by Albert Bandura.

Question 8

A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?
A)Bandura
B)Tolman
C)Skinner
D)Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Bandura's work is most relevant to their discussions.

Question 9

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called _____
A)insight.
B)latent learning.
C)placebo learning.
D)innate learning.

Accepted Answer

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called latent learning.

Question 10

If you came home to your apartment in the very early hours of the morning and did not wish to wake your roommate by turning on the lights, you would likely rely upon _____ to aid you in avoiding obstacles in the apartment that might cause injury or noise.
A)modeling
B)a cognitive map
C)latent learning
D)insight learning

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map, which is a mental representation of objects and images, would be useful in helping you avoid turning on a light.

Question 11

Bethany wants to play baseball like her older sisters. Bethany watches them play for hours and is gradually learning how to play by studying what they do. This could be called _____
A)the modeling effect.
B)the disinhibitory effect.
C)the learning effect.
D)classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The modeling effect suggests that we can learn to do a behavior by watching it, without actually doing it ourselves.

Question 12

A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of _____
A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)contingency theory.
D)observational learning.

Accepted Answer

Learning by watching others is known as observational learning.

Question 13

Benny is throwing rocks at a neighbor's house. Just as Trisha picks up a rock and is about to throw it, the neighbor comes out and yells at Benny. Trisha quickly decides not to throw the rock. What has she just demonstrated?
A)the elicitation effect
B)the disinhibitory effect
C)the insight effect
D)the inhibitory effect

Accepted Answer

Trisha suppressed the behavior because a model (Benny)is getting in trouble for the behavior.

Question 14

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
A)insight learning
B)operant conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when we observe how other people act and learn from their actions. This is also known as social learning or modeling. It involves watching and imitating the behavior of others, which can lead to the acquisition of new skills and behaviors. Examples of observational learning include watching a tutorial video on how to cook a meal or observing a coworker's approach to solving a problem.

Question 15

Learning that occurs, but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change, is called _____
A)insight.
B)innate learning.
C)vicarious learning.
D)latent learning.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge or skills that are not immediately reflected in behavior but that can be called upon when needed. This type of learning is not always obvious, as learners may not demonstrate their knowledge or skills until the appropriate situation arises.

Question 16

Jesse chooses not to steal a cookie after watching his sister getting reprimanded for that behavior. Jesse is demonstrating _____
A)elicitation effect.
B)insight effect.
C)inhibitory effect.
D)latent effect.

Accepted Answer

When the observation of another receiving punishment inhibits the same behavior in others, it is called the inhibitory effect.

Question 17

Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress is called the _____
A)elicitation effect.
B)inhibitory effect.
C)disinhibitory effect.
D)vicarious impact effect.

Accepted Answer

A classic example of peer pressure is when one's friends are doing (and encouraging)a behavior that one has previously suppressed.

Question 18

The _____ occurs when an individual engages in a behavior he/she has previously suppressed, solely because someone else is engaging in the behavior without any adverse consequences.
A)disinhibitory effect
B)elicitation effect
C)stimulus effect
D)insight effect

Accepted Answer

Disinhibitory effect occurs when an individual engages in a behavior he/she has previously suppressed, solely because someone else is engaging in the behavior seemingly without any adverse consequences. The presence of others engaging in the behavior can reduce the individual's apprehension about the negative consequences, thereby disinhibiting their behavior.

Question 19

Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?
A)Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father.
B)Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.
C)Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having.
D)Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's concept of observational learning suggests that children tend to repeat the behaviors that they see in respected authority figures, including their parents.

Question 20

Isaiah has been taught not to get involved in drugs. However, he puts that aside and tries marijuana after he sees his older brother using it without getting in trouble. Which of the following best explains Isaiah's behavior?
A)the elicitation effect
B)the disinhibitory effect
C)the insight effect
D)the inhibitory effect

Accepted Answer

Isaiah engages in a behavior he has previously suppressed, solely because his brother is doing it without any adverse consequences.

Quiz 5: Learning

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

In a classic experiment, Tolman exposed a group of rats to a maze for 11 days before he introduced a food reward. These rats outperformed rats that had been given daily food rewards. This demonstrates _____

The mental representation of the layout of a college campus represents _____

Sarah has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _____ has occurred.

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is _____

A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called _____

If you came home to your apartment in the very early hours of the morning and did not wish to wake your roommate by turning on the lights, you would likely rely upon _____ to aid you in avoiding obstacles in the apartment that might cause injury or noise.

Bethany wants to play baseball like her older sisters. Bethany watches them play for hours and is gradually learning how to play by studying what they do. This could be called _____

A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of _____

Benny is throwing rocks at a neighbor's house. Just as Trisha picks up a rock and is about to throw it, the neighbor comes out and yells at Benny. Trisha quickly decides not to throw the rock. What has she just demonstrated?

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

Learning that occurs, but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change, is called _____

Jesse chooses not to steal a cookie after watching his sister getting reprimanded for that behavior. Jesse is demonstrating _____

Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress is called the _____

The _____ occurs when an individual engages in a behavior he/she has previously suppressed, solely because someone else is engaging in the behavior without any adverse consequences.

Isaiah has been taught not to get involved in drugs. However, he puts that aside and tries marijuana after he sees his older brother using it without getting in trouble. Which of the following best explains Isaiah's behavior?