Question 1

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researcher know which subjects are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied.

Accepted Answer

A double-blind study is an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researcher know which subjects are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied.

Answer: A
 Confirmation bias is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms their preexisting beliefs or values.

Answer: B
 Volunteer bias occurs when the people who choose to participate in a study are different from those who do not, which can skew the results of the study.

Answer: C
 A placebo is a substance or treatment that has no therapeutic effect but is given to patients as a way to measure the effectiveness of another treatment.

Answer: D
 Experimenter effects are any differences in the behavior or results of an experiment that are caused by the actions or characteristics of the experimenter.

Question 2

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-A study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour without interfering with the behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The description best fits an observational study where the researcher observes and records behaviour without interfering.

Answer: B
 A case study is an in-depth study of an individual or group. It involves gathering information through observation, interviews, and other methods without manipulating variables like in an experiment.

Answer: C
 An experiment involves manipulating variables to observe their effect on the outcome.

Answer: E
 Correlation research involves observing the relationship between two variables without manipulating them.

Answer: A
 A survey involves gathering data through questionnaires, interviews or other methods to collect individuals' opinions or experiences on a specific topic.

Question 3

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient.

Accepted Answer

A placebo is an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient.

Answer: B
 Volunteer bias occurs when the sample of participants in a study is not representative of the larger population due to certain types of people being more likely to volunteer.

Answer: C
 A double-blind study is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the researchers know which group is receiving the treatment and which group is receiving the placebo.

Answer: D
 Experimenter effects occur when the researcher's expectations or biases affect the outcome of the study, often without their awareness.

Answer: A
 Confirmation bias is a tendency to seek out or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. This can occur in any type of study or research.

Question 4

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-Established standards of performance for tests.

Accepted Answer

Norms are established standards of performance for tests, which provide a basis for comparison of individual scores with others who have taken the same test.

Answer: A 
 Standardization refers to the process of developing and implementing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test.

Answer: C 
 Psychological tests are standardized instruments that assess various aspects of an individual's cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

Answer: D 
 Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of a test's results over time and across different administrations.

Answer: B 
 Validity refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure and accurately reflects the underlying construct or trait it purports to assess.

Question 5

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-The development of uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test.

Accepted Answer

Standardization refers to the process of developing uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test.

Answer: D 
 Reliability refers to the consistency of a test's results over time and across different evaluators.

Answer: B 
 Validity refers to whether a test measures what it claims to measure.

Answer: C 
 Psychological tests are standardized measures of behavior, personality, abilities, and other characteristics.

Answer: E 
 Norms are established standards of performance based on scores of a large group of people who have previously taken the test.

Question 6

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-A measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.

Accepted Answer

Correlation is a research method that measures how strongly two variables are related to one another. The other options are not specific to measuring the strength of the relationship between variables.

Question 7

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-Unintended changes in subjects' behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter.

Accepted Answer

Experimenter effects refer to unintended changes in subjects' behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter.

Answer: B
 Volunteer bias is the tendency for a sample to be composed of only volunteers and not representative of the larger population.

Answer: C
 Placebo is an inactive substance or treatment given to a person as if it were active medicine.

Answer: A
 Confirmation bias is the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.

Answer: E
 A double-blind study is a study in which both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants belong to (experimental or control).

Question 8

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions or beliefs, thereby ignoring information that contradicts them.

Answer: B
 Volunteer bias occurs when participants in a study are not representative of the larger population because they are more likely to volunteer for the study due to certain characteristics or circumstances.

Answer: C
 A placebo is a substance or treatment that has no therapeutic effect but is given as if it did have one, often used as a control in research studies.

Answer: D
 Experimenter effects refer to any intentional or unintentional influence that the researcher conducting a study may have on the outcomes or results of that study.

Answer: E
 A double-blind study is a research design in which neither the participants nor the researchers conducting the study know which group is receiving the treatment being tested and which is receiving a placebo, in order to reduce the potential for bias or experimental error.

Question 9

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-The consistency of scores derived from a test, from one time and place to another.

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency of scores derived from a test, from one time and place to another.

Answer: A
 Standardization refers to the process of establishing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test.

Answer: C
 Psychological tests are instruments designed to measure various aspects of human behavior.

Answer: B
 Validity refers to whether or not a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Answer: E
 Norms are established standards of performance or behavior against which individuals are evaluated in a given context.

Question 10

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-In an experiment, a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition.

Accepted Answer

The control condition is a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition.

The other options are:
A) independent variable: The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.
B) dependent variable: The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.
C) random assignment: The process of assigning participants to different groups in an experiment, typically done to ensure that each group is equivalent at the start of the experiment.
D) single-blind study: A study in which either the participants or the researchers are unaware of which group (experimental or control) the participants belong to.

Question 11

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-A variable that an experimenter manipulates.

Accepted Answer

An independent variable is a variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.

Answer: B) dependent variable
 A dependent variable is a variable that is measured in response to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Answer: C) random assignment
 Random assignment is the process of assigning participants to different groups in an experiment randomly, which helps to ensure that each group is similar at the outset of the study.

Answer: D) single-blind study
 In a single-blind study, the participants are not told which group they are in, but the experimenters know which group is which.

Answer: E) control condition
 A control condition is a group in an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable, and is used to provide a baseline for comparison to the experimental group that is exposed to the independent variable.

Question 12

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-A procedure for putting people in the experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being put into a given group.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment refers to the procedure of assigning individuals to the experimental and control groups in a way that ensures each participant has an equal chance of being in either group.

Answer: A 
 The independent variable refers to the variable that researchers manipulate or change in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Answer: D 
 A single-blind study is a research design in which the participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control group, but the experimenter is aware.

Answer: E 
 The control condition refers to the group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or manipulation being studied.

Answer: B 
 The dependent variable is the variable that researchers measure to determine if there was an effect of the independent variable on the outcome.

Question 13

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

Accepted Answer

Validity refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

Answer: D
 Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of test results over time and across different administrators or testing conditions.

Answer: C
 Psychological tests are standardized assessments that measure various aspects of human behavior, including personality, intelligence, and mental health.

Answer: A
 Standardization refers to the process of developing and administering tests in a consistent, uniform manner.

Answer: E
 Norms refer to the established standards or expectations for scores on a particular test, often based on a representative sample of the population.

Question 14

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by the manipulation of another variable.

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable that is predicted to be affected by the manipulation of another variable.

Answer: A
 The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.

Answer: C
 Random assignment is the process of assigning participants to different groups or conditions in an experiment to ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being in any group.

Answer: D 
 A single-blind study is a type of experiment in which participants are not told which group they are in (i.e. control or experimental), but the experimenter knows.

Answer: E
 The control condition is the group or condition in an experiment that does not receive the manipulation of the independent variable, and serves as a comparison to the experimental condition.

Question 15

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values.

Accepted Answer

The term being defined is "psychological tests".

Answer: D
 The term being defined is "reliability", as it refers to the consistency or stability of test results over time.

Answer: B
 The term being defined is "validity", as it refers to whether a test actually measures what it claims to measure.

Answer: E
 The term being defined is "norms", as it refers to the established standards or comparison groups used to interpret test scores.

Answer: A
 The term being defined is "standardization", as it refers to the process of establishing consistent procedures for administering and scoring a test.

Question 16

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term.
-An experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.

Accepted Answer

A single-blind study is an experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.

Answer: A
 The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher.

Answer: C
 Random assignment is the process of assigning participants to the experimental or control group based on chance.

Answer: B
 The dependent variable is the variable that is measured in the experiment.

Answer: E
 The control condition is the condition in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or intervention being tested.

Question 17

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample.

Accepted Answer

Volunteer bias is the shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample.

Answer: A
 Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information that confirms pre-existing beliefs or attitudes.

Answer: C
 A placebo is a substance or treatment with no active therapeutic effect, often used as a control in a clinical trial.

Answer: D
 Experimenter effects are unintended changes in participants' behavior or outcomes caused by the experimenter's actions or expectations.

Answer: E
 A double-blind study is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the researchers know which group (control or experimental) is receiving the treatment.

Question 18

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated.

Accepted Answer

A case study involves a detailed description and analysis of an individual or group.

Answer: D
 An observational study involves the observation and recording of behavior, without intervention or manipulation by the researcher.

Answer: C
 An experiment involves manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable, typically using control and experimental groups.

Answer: A or E
 A survey involves collecting data from a sample of individuals through questionnaires or interviews, while correlation involves measuring the relationship between two variables. Depending on the focus of the survey (individual descriptions or variable relationships), either A or E could be appropriate.

Question 19

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another.

Accepted Answer

This description matches the method of an experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable to observe the effect on another while keeping all other variables constant.

Answer: D
 This description matches the method of an observational study where the researcher observes and records data without manipulating any variables.

Answer: E
 This description matches the method of correlation where the researcher measures the relationship between two variables without manipulating them.

Answers: C, D, E
 Each description matches a different research method - experiment, observational study, and correlation.

Question 20

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method.
-Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.

Accepted Answer

Questionnaires and interviews are a form of survey research method where researchers ask people about their experiences, attitudes or opinions.

Answer: B 
 Case studies involve in-depth analysis of one individual, group or situation.

Answer: C 
 Experiments involve the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer: D 
 Observational studies involve watching and recording behavior without manipulating variables.

Answer: E 
 Correlation research involves analyzing the relationships between variables, but does not establish causation.

Quiz 2: How Psychologists Do Research

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researcher know which subjects are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -A study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour without interfering with the behaviour.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -Established standards of performance for tests.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -The development of uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -A measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -Unintended changes in subjects' behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -The consistency of scores derived from a test, from one time and place to another.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -In an experiment, a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -A variable that an experimenter manipulates.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -A procedure for putting people in the experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being put into a given group.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by the manipulation of another variable.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. -An experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another.

Match these descriptions with the appropriate research method. -Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.