Question 1

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept.
-The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.
A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any prior learning or conditioning.

Answer: A 
 An unconditioned response is the natural, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer: B 
 A conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.

Answer: C 
 A conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that was once paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 2

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.
A)discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)shaping
D)latent learning
E)instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

A discriminative stimulus is a cue that signals when a specific response is likely to be followed by a particular outcome or consequence.

Answer: B
 Spontaneous recovery refers to the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has passed.

Answer: C
 Shaping is a process of reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior, gradually leading to the development of a more complex response.

Answer: D
 Latent learning is a form of learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or reward and is only expressed when an appropriate incentive or motivation is present.

Answer: E
 Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctual behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response, particularly when the required response is at odds with their natural tendencies.

Question 3

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.
A)learning
B)behaviourism
C)observational learning
D)conditioning
E)behaviour modification

Accepted Answer

Conditioning is a basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.

Answer: B
 Behaviorism is a theoretical approach to psychology that emphasizes the importance of observable behaviors and environmental stimuli in shaping behavior.

Answer: C
 Observational learning is a type of learning that occurs when an individual observes and imitates the behavior of another individual.

Answer: E
 Behavior modification is a type of therapy that uses principles of conditioning to change maladaptive behaviors.

Question 4

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response.
A)operant conditioning
B)higher-order conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)counterconditioning
E)conditioning

Accepted Answer

The definition provided matches the concept of classical conditioning, which involves the pairing of two stimuli to elicit a response.

Answer: B
 Higher-order conditioning occurs when a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned stimulus and is then able to elicit a conditioned response on its own.

Answer: E
 Conditioning is a general term referring to the process of learning associations between stimuli and responses. Both classical and operant conditioning are types of conditioning.

Answer: D
 Counterconditioning is a therapeutic technique that involves pairing a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response with one that elicits a desirable response, in order to change the individual's response to the original stimulus.

Answer: A
 Operant conditioning involves learning associations between behaviors and their consequences, in order to increase or decrease the likelihood of those behaviors being repeated in the future.

Question 5

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-During operant conditioning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviour.
A)discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)shaping
D)latent learning
E)instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

Instinctive drift occurs when an animal's innate behavior emerges and interferes with the conditioned response during operant conditioning.

Answer: B
 Spontaneous recovery is the phenomenon in which a previously extinguished behavior reemerges after a period of time without any reinforcement.

Answer: C
 Shaping is the process of gradually guiding an organism to exhibit a desired behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations.

Answer: D
 Latent learning is learning that occurs without any visible behavioral changes but becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Answer: A
 Discriminative stimulus is a cue that signals the presence of reinforcement or punishment for a particular behavior.

Question 6

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-The application of conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behaviour.
A)learning
B)behaviourism
C)observational learning
D)conditioning
E)behaviour modification

Accepted Answer

Behaviour modification specifically refers to the application of conditioning techniques to modify behavior.

Answer: D
 Conditioning refers to the use of specific techniques, such as classical or operant conditioning, to change behavior.

Answer: E
 Behaviour modification is a specific application of behaviorism that uses conditioning techniques to modify behavior.

Answer: A
 Learning is a broader concept than behaviour modification, but behaviour modification is one specific way in which learning can occur.

Answer: B
 Behaviourism is a broader theoretical perspective on learning and behavior, but it encompasses the use of conditioning techniques for behaviour modification.

Question 7

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
A)discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)shaping
D)latent learning
E)instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Answer: A
 Discriminative stimulus refers to a specific stimulus that elicits a particular response because of the association between the stimulus and the response.

Answer: C
 Shaping refers to the process of gradually molding or shaping a behavior through successive approximations towards a desired target behavior.

Answer: D
 Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or specific motivation to learn, but only becomes apparent at a later time when it is needed.

Answer: E
 Instinctive drift refers to the tendency for learned behavior to gradually revert back to instinctual behavior over time due to the influence of innate, instinctual behavior patterns.

Question 8

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names.
-Puzzle boxes
A)Edward Tolman
B)Edward Thorndike
C)Watson and Rayner
D)Ivan Pavlov
E)B. F. Skinner

Accepted Answer

Edward Thorndike is known for his work with puzzle boxes, which he used to study the learning behavior of animals, particularly cats.

Question 9

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-A...

Question 10

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept.
-The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.
A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

The definition matches with "unconditioned response".

Answer: D 
 The definition matches with "unconditioned stimulus".

Answer: C 
 The definition matches with "conditioned response".

Answer: B 
 The definition matches with "conditioned stimulus".

Question 11

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-A process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behaviour of another (a model) rather than through direct experience.
A)learning
B)behaviourism
C)observational learning
D)conditioning
E)behaviour modification

Accepted Answer

Observational learning is the process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behaviour of another (a model) rather than through direct experience.

Answer: D
 Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioural responses.

Answer: C and D
 Observational learning (C) and conditioning (D) are both forms of learning, but they differ in terms of the mechanisms by which they occur.

Answer: B
 Behaviourism is a theoretical approach that emphasizes the study of behaviour as the primary focus of psychology, and places a strong emphasis on the role of environmental factors (such as rewards and punishments) in shaping behaviour.

Answer: E
 Behaviour modification refers to the use of techniques such as reinforcement and punishment to change maladaptive behaviours.

Question 12

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept.
-The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

The definition matches with the concept of a conditioned stimulus, which is a neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus and triggers a conditioned response.

Question 13

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-A relatively permanent change in behaviour (or behavioural potential) due to experience.
A)learning
B)behaviourism
C)observational learning
D)conditioning
E)behaviour modification

Accepted Answer

The term that matches with this definition is "learning," as it refers to a change in behavior or behavioral potential as a result of experience.

Answer: B
 Behaviorism refers to the school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior rather than mental processes.

Answer: D
 Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between stimuli and responses, including classical and operant conditioning.

Answer: E
 Behavior modification is a type of therapy that involves the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior.

Answer: C
 Observational learning refers to the process of learning by watching others' behavior and the outcomes they experience as a result.

Question 14

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response.
A)discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)shaping
D)latent learning
E)instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to a type of learning that occurs without an immediately observable effect or behavior.

Answer: A
 A discriminative stimulus is a type of stimulus that signals the availability of a particular outcome or reinforcement.

Answer: E
 Instinctive drift is a type of behavior that occurs when an animal's learned response is gradually replaced by its instinctive behavior.

Answer: C
 Shaping is a technique used to teach new behaviors by systematically reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Answer: B
 Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of time has passed without further training or reinforcement.

Question 15

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-An operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
A)discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)shaping
D)latent learning
E)instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior until the behavior is fully learned.

Answer: D
 Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or punishment, and is only displayed at a later time when there is an incentive to do so.

Answer: E
 Instinctive drift refers to the tendency for an animal's instinctive behavior to interfere with the learning of a new operant behavior, even if the new behavior is reinforced.

Answers A and B are not correctly matched as they do not correspond to the given descriptions.

Question 16

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.
A)operant conditioning
B)higher-order conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)counterconditioning
E)conditioning

Accepted Answer

The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences refers to operant conditioning.

Answer: C
 Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Answer: B
 Higher-order conditioning refers to a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Answer: D
 Counterconditioning is a type of therapy in which an unwanted behavior is replaced with a preferred behavior by using positive reinforcement.

Answer: E
 Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

Question 17

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept.
-The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

A conditioned response is a learned response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Question 18

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.
A)operant conditioning
B)higher-order conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)counterconditioning
E)conditioning

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-A...

Question 19

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment as a determinant of behaviour.
A)learning
B)behaviourism
C)observational learning
D)conditioning
E)behaviour modification

Accepted Answer

Behaviourism emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment as a determinant of behaviour.

Answer: D 
 Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioural responses.

Answer: A 
 Learning refers to the process of acquiring new information or behaviours through experience.

Answer: C 
 Observational learning refers to the process of acquiring new behaviours by watching and imitating the actions of others.

Answer: E 
 Behaviour modification is a form of therapy that uses principles of learning to shape or eliminate undesirable behaviours.

Question 20

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.
A)operant conditioning
B)higher-order conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)counterconditioning
E)conditioning

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning is the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Answer: A
 Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.

Answer: C
 Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.

Answer: B
 Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, leading the new stimulus to also elicit the conditioned response.

Answer: E
 Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between stimuli and/or responses. It can refer to both classical and operant conditioning.

Quiz 7: Learning and Conditioning

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -During operant conditioning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviour.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -The application of conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behaviour.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names. -Puzzle boxes

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -A process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behaviour of another (a model) rather than through direct experience.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -A relatively permanent change in behaviour (or behavioural potential) due to experience.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -An operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment as a determinant of behaviour.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.