Question 1

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-the tendency, in explaining one's own behaviour, to take credit for one's good actions and rationalize one's mistakes
A)Fundamental attribution error
B)Self-serving bias
C)Just-world hypothesis
D)Cognitive dissonance
E)Entrapment

Accepted Answer

Self-serving bias refers to the tendency to take credit for one's good actions and rationalize one's mistakes.

Answer: A
 Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize dispositional (internal) explanations for other people's behavior, while underemphasizing situational (external) factors.

Answer: C
 Just-world hypothesis is the belief that individuals get what they deserve in life, and that outcomes are just and fair.

Answer: D
 Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort that arises when a person holds two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or ideas at the same time.

Answer: E
 Entrapment refers to the tendency for individuals to escalate their commitment to a decision, even if it turns out to be a bad one, in order to justify the resources they have already invested.

Question 2

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-in groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one's own individuality
A)diffusion of responsibility
B)deindividuation
C)familiarity effect
D)group-serving bias
E)validity effect

Accepted Answer

Deindividuation refers to the phenomenon where individuals lose their sense of individual identity and become anonymous members of a group, often leading to impulsive and potentially harmful behavior.

Answer: A
 Diffusion of responsibility refers to the phenomenon where individuals feel less responsible for their actions when they are part of a group, assuming that others will take care of the task or responsibility.

Answer: C
 Familiarity effect refers to the tendency for individuals to prefer familiar stimuli over unfamiliar stimuli.

Answer: D
 Group-serving bias refers to the tendency for individuals to view their own group (in-group) in a more positive light than out-groups.

Answer: E
 Validity effect refers to the tendency for individuals to believe information is more accurate if it is repeated often.

Question 3

What criticisms have been raised regarding Milgram's comparison of his study with the brutality of the Nazis in the Second World War?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What criticisms have been raised regarding Milgram's...

Question 4

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent, or when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her behaviour
A)Fundamental attribution error
B)Self-serving bias
C)Just-world hypothesis
D)Cognitive dissonance
E)Entrapment

Accepted Answer

Cognitive dissonance refers to the inner discomfort we experience when our behaviour is not consistent with our beliefs or attitudes.

Answer: A
 The Fundamental Attribution Error is the tendency to overemphasize dispositional (personality) explanations for other people's behaviour rather than considering situational factors.

Answer: B
 Self-serving bias is the tendency to take credit for our successes and blame external factors for our failures.

Answer: C
 Just-world hypothesis is the belief that people get what they deserve in life and that outcomes are fair and just.

Answer: E
 Entrapment refers to the process where people escalate their commitment to a course of action in order to justify their investment in it, even when it becomes clear that the costs outweigh the benefits.

Question 5

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-the tendency to explain favourably the behaviours of members of groups to which we belong
A)diffusion of responsibility
B)deindividuation
C)familiarity effect
D)group-serving bias
E)validity effect

Accepted Answer

Group-serving bias is the tendency to explain favorably the behaviors of members of groups to which we belong.

Answer: A
 Diffusion of responsibility refers to the phenomenon whereby individuals feel less personal responsibility for actions taken in a group setting.

Answer: B
 Deindividuation occurs when individuals feel less accountable for their actions and are more likely to act impulsively in group settings.

Answer: C
 The familiarity effect is the phenomenon whereby people tend to prefer things that are familiar to them.

Answer: E
 The validity effect is the phenomenon whereby people believe information to be more valid or true simply because they have been exposed to it repeatedly.

Question 6

When students were held as "prisoners," how did they respond during the first days of the experiment? Why did the researchers end the study at Day 6, instead of Day 14 as initially planned?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When students were held as "prisoners," how...

Question 7

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-the process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture
A)stereotype
B)ethnic identity
C)acculturation
D)prejudice
E)ethnocentrism

Accepted Answer

Acculturation is the process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture.

Answer: B
 Ethnic identity refers to the aspects of a person's identity that relate to ancestral, cultural, or national connections.

Answer: D
 Prejudice is a negative attitude or belief about members of a particular group, often accompanied by stereotypes and discrimination.

Answer: A
 A stereotype is a fixed and oversimplified idea about members of a group, often based on limited or inaccurate information.

Answer: E
 Ethnocentrism is the tendency to see one's own culture or group as superior to others and to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own culture.

Question 8

Before conducting his study on obedience, Stanley Milgram asked a number of psychiatrists, students, and middle-class adults to predict how many people they thought would deliver shocks at the highest levels. What predictions did they make?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Before conducting his study on obedience, Stanley...

Question 9

In Rwanda in 1994, members of the Hutu tribe killed thousands of Tutsis, a rival tribe. Thousands of Tutsis took refuge at the convent of two Hutu nuns, Sister Maria Kisito and Sister Gertrude. But the nuns reported them to the Hutu militia and assisted in the ensuing massacre of those who had fled to them for shelter. What social-psychological reasons are there for this prejudice and hatred between groups?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Rwanda in 1994, members of the...

Question 10

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral)
A)stereotype
B)ethnic identity
C)acculturation
D)prejudice
E)ethnocentrism

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of a stereotype.

Answer: B
 Ethnic identity refers to the identification with and feelings of belonging to a particular ethnic group.

Answer: C
 Acculturation refers to the process of adapting to a new culture or adjusting to a different cultural group.

Answer: D
 Prejudice refers to a negative attitude towards an individual or group based solely on their perceived membership in a particular social category or group.

Answer: E
 Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to judge other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture.

Question 11

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-the belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others
A)stereotype
B)ethnic identity
C)acculturation
D)prejudice
E)ethnocentrism

Accepted Answer

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others.

Answer: D
 Prejudice is a preconceived opinion or attitude about an individual or group that is not based on reason or actual experience.

Answer: B
 Ethnic identity is the sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group and the feelings and attitudes associated with that group.

Answer: C
 Acculturation is the process of adapting to and adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of a different culture.

Answer: A
 Stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

Question 12

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group based on a negative stereotype
A)stereotype
B)ethnic identity
C)acculturation
D)prejudice
E)ethnocentrism

Accepted Answer

Prejudice is a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group based on a negative stereotype.

Answer: A
 Stereotype refers to a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

Answer: B
 Ethnic identity refers to an individual's sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group.

Answer: C
 Acculturation refers to the process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.

Answer: E
 Ethnocentrism refers to the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.

Question 13

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-in groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume that others will
A)diffusion of responsibility
B)deindividuation
C)familiarity effect
D)group-serving bias
E)validity effect

Accepted Answer

Diffusion of responsibility is the tendency of individuals to feel less accountable for their actions or inactions when others are present. This can lead to a lack of action or intervention in a group setting because individuals assume someone else will take responsibility.

Answer: B
 Deindividuation is the phenomenon in which individuals lose their sense of self-awareness and inhibition in group settings. This can lead to behaviors that would not normally occur if the individual were alone or in a different setting.

Answer: D
 Group-serving bias is the tendency for individuals in a group to attribute positive qualities or successes to the group as a whole, while attributing negative qualities or failures to external factors or individuals outside the group.

The terms familiarity effect and validity effect are not matched with any of the definitions provided.

Question 14

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times
A)diffusion of responsibility
B)deindividuation
C)familiarity effect
D)group-serving bias
E)validity effect

Accepted Answer

The validity effect is the tendency to believe a statement is true simply because it has been repeated many times.

Question 15

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort
A)Fundamental attribution error
B)Self-serving bias
C)Just-world hypothesis
D)Cognitive dissonance
E)Entrapment

Accepted Answer

Entrapment is the gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.

Answer: A
 Fundamental attribution error is the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Answer: B
 Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors.

Answer: C
 Just-world hypothesis is the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get.

Answer: D
 Cognitive dissonance is the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

Question 16

Name and describe an implicit cultural standard from your cultural background. How would you feel if you violated this norm?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Name and describe an implicit cultural standard...

Question 17

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-a person's identification with a racial, religious, or ethnic group
A)stereotype
B)ethnic identity
C)acculturation
D)prejudice
E)ethnocentrism

Accepted Answer

Ethnic identity is the identification of a person with a particular racial, religious or ethnic group.

Answer: D
 Prejudice is a preconceived feeling or belief towards a person or group, not based on reason or experience.

Answer: E
 Ethnocentrism is the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group, often accompanied by a negative view of other groups.

Answer: C
 Acculturation refers to the process by which an individual or group adopts the customs, beliefs, and values of another culture.

Answer: A
 A stereotype is a fixed, oversimplified image or idea about a particular type of person or thing.

Question 18

Match these definitions with the terms they define.
-the tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus the more familiar they are with it
A)diffusion of responsibility
B)deindividuation
C)familiarity effect
D)group-serving bias
E)validity effect

Accepted Answer

The familiarity effect is the tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus the more familiar they are with it.

Answer: B
 Deindividuation is the phenomenon where individuals lose their sense of self-awareness and responsibility in group settings.

Answer: D
 The group-serving bias is the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to the group and negative outcomes to external factors or individuals.

Answer: A
 Diffusion of responsibility is the phenomenon where individuals feel less personal responsibility for their actions in a group setting.

Answer: E
 The validity effect is the tendency to believe that information is accurate if it has been repeated many times, regardless of whether it is actually true.

Question 19

Adolf Eichmann supervised the death of millions of Jews during the Second World War. Shortly before his execution, Eichmann said, "I am the victim of a fallacy." What did he mean by this? What was the fallacy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Adolf Eichmann supervised the death of millions...

Question 20

Our text suggests an exercise, "Dare to Be Different," to see what happens when an individual violates a norm. If you tried this exercise, explain what norm you violated and how you felt when you did it. Explain the reactions of onlookers. If you didn't try this exercise, then describe your hypothetical reaction to seeing the person ahead of you in the grocery store checkout line facing the wrong direction. Would you say anything to the person?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Our text suggests an exercise, "Dare to...

Quiz 8: Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -the tendency, in explaining one's own behaviour, to take credit for one's good actions and rationalize one's mistakes

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -in groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one's own individuality

What criticisms have been raised regarding Milgram's comparison of his study with the brutality of the Nazis in the Second World War?

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent, or when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her behaviour

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -the tendency to explain favourably the behaviours of members of groups to which we belong

When students were held as "prisoners," how did they respond during the first days of the experiment? Why did the researchers end the study at Day 6, instead of Day 14 as initially planned?

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -the process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture

Before conducting his study on obedience, Stanley Milgram asked a number of psychiatrists, students, and middle-class adults to predict how many people they thought would deliver shocks at the highest levels. What predictions did they make?

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral)

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -the belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group based on a negative stereotype

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -in groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume that others will

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort

Name and describe an implicit cultural standard from your cultural background. How would you feel if you violated this norm?

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -a person's identification with a racial, religious, or ethnic group

Match these definitions with the terms they define. -the tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus the more familiar they are with it

Adolf Eichmann supervised the death of millions of Jews during the Second World War. Shortly before his execution, Eichmann said, "I am the victim of a fallacy." What did he mean by this? What was the fallacy?