Question 1

When discussing the results of the federal election in Canada in 2011, Javier tells his friends that he knew there would be a Conservative majority government. What cognitive bias is Javier demonstrating? Create a brief example showing how this tendency could occur in regard to military opinions.

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Question 2

When it comes to thinking critically, people tend to apply a double standard. Explain how confirmation bias is linked to this double standard.

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Question 3

How does the focus of the cognitive theories of intelligence differ from the focus of psychometric theories? How do the two approaches define intelligence?

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Question 4

Contrast the behaviours of college students who are weak in meta-cognition with those for whom meta-cognition is a strength.

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Question 5

Cognitive bias occurs when people exaggerate the probability of very rare events if their consequences are catastrophic. How does the availability heuristic enhance this kind of bias?

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Question 6

The work of theorists such as Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner has broadened the notion of intelligence. Name three ways that this has proven useful.

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Question 7

In the early 1900s, at the request of the French Ministry of Education, Alfred Binet constructed a testing instrument that eventually became the first widely used intelligence test. For what purpose was the test developed?

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Question 8

Our authors note that the rules of formal logic are crucial to have in your mental toolbox. How do deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning differ from one another? Include an example of each as you compare and contrast them.

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Question 9

The text discussed four elements of cognition: concepts, mental images, cognitive schemas, and propositions. In the diagram below, fill in the appropriate labels to create a visual summary of the elements of cognition.

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Question 10

At 66 years of age, Hilda is worried when researchers ask her to take an IQ test. She knows that older people are assumed to have failing cognitive abilities. What term is used to describe Hilda's anxiety? How might Hilda's test-taking performance be affected by her worries?

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Question 11

Our textbook points out that not all mental processing is conscious. Describe an activity that once took your conscious attention to perform but now can be done "without thinking."

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Question 12

In general, people try to avoid losses when making a decision. Explain why this cognitive bias may affect a person's decision about accepting or rejecting various aspects of medical treatment.

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Question 13

Connie's method of studying worked effectively throughout high school until she took her first foreign language course. In this course, her grades were much lower than usual. How might mental set have played a role in Connie's academic problem?

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Question 14

Psychologists disagree on the definition of intelligence. Describe different approaches to the definition of intelligence. How does your textbook define intelligence?

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Question 15

Binet's method of figuring IQ had two serious flaws. Describe these flaws.

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Question 16

Autumn's mental representation for Halloween includes associations, attitudes, and expectations. What term is used to describe these characteristics? Develop an example that describes Autumn's mental representation for Halloween, making sure that each of the three aspects mentioned above is included.

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Question 17

If the human mind can be likened to a computer, then the visual images could be likened to the images that appear on the screen of the computer. What results have been found that would support this analogy?

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Question 18

Describe contextual intelligence according to Robert Sternberg's theory. How is it linked to tacit knowledge?

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Question 19

Our textbook illustrates the tendency toward justification of effort by showing a group of new recruits at CFB Wainwright tackling an obstacle course in the snow. Hypothesize how the recruits will feel about the military after this experience, including in your response the cognitive bias of justification of effort.

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Question 20

When we think of mindlessness, our usual focus is on the mishaps that may occur. But mindlessness has its benefits too! Create an example that illustrates one of the benefits of the mindless processing of information.

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Quiz 9: Thinking and Intelligence