Question 1

The textbook refers to the emergence of machine production based on the use of inanimate power resources (such as steam or electricity) as:

Accepted Answer

The emergence of machine production based on the use of inanimate power resources such as steam or electricity is referred to as industrialization.

Question 2

Frank notices that at some point in relatively recent times, humans in some places began using machines powered by non-human means, such as steam and coal. Frank is noting what process?

Accepted Answer

Frank is noting the process of industrialization which refers to the shift from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing, typically powered by non-human means such as steam and coal.

Question 3

Jia Yin notes that in many countries, industrial development is, more or less, nonexistent. She is taking note of the:

Accepted Answer

The term "developing world" refers to countries that are undergoing industrialization and are in the process of improving their economic and social conditions. These countries often lack the infrastructure, technology, and resources needed for strong industrial development.

Question 4

Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing) are called ________ societies.

Accepted Answer

Agrarian societies are those whose main means of subsistence comes from agricultural production, including crop growing. These societies are defined by their dependence on land and the natural environment for food and resources. Pastoral societies depend on raising livestock, urban societies depend on non-agricultural economic activities, and industrialized societies are characterized by heavy industry and manufacturing.

Question 5

Sweta studies how Britain came to control large parts of India before the Indian independence movement. It could be said that she is studying:

Accepted Answer

Sweta is studying the period of British rule over India, which falls under the definition of colonialism - the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Question 6

Hector is doing research on a tribe called the Malagasians. This group organizes itself in highly participatory ways, moves around frequently, and affords older people respect within the group. This group could be described as:

Accepted Answer

The characteristics described (highly participatory ways, frequent movement, respect for older individuals) are commonly associated with hunter-gatherer groups, who rely on hunting, fishing, and gathering for subsistence. The other options are less likely to fit this description. A pastoral group would rely on herding animals, an agrarian group would rely on farming, and an industrial group would rely on manufacturing and technology.

Question 7

Sociologists often refer to less-developed societies, in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or developed only to a limited degree, as:

Accepted Answer

Sociologists often refer to less-developed societies as the developing world, as they are still in the process of industrialization and have not yet reached the level of development seen in core nations. "Emerging societies" and "nontraditionalist societies" are not commonly used terms in sociology to describe less-developed societies.

Question 8

Groups like the Taliban and ISIL enforce strict, traditional rules about modest dress and the prohibition of alcohol, in part to resist the spreading influence of Western culture. This response at the local cultural level is an example of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Groups like the Taliban and ISIL enforce...

Question 9

In Ireland, the number of Irish speakers significantly decreased during British Colonialism. Now, although most Irish people speak English, they are required to learn Irish in schools and Irish is the country's first official language. What does the push to reintroduce Irish as the country's predominant language reflect?

Accepted Answer

The push to reintroduce Irish as the country's predominant language reflects nationalism. It is an effort to reclaim and preserve Ireland's cultural heritage and distinct identity, which includes the use of the Irish language.

Question 10

Chen studies the process through which Brazil is shifting from workers mostly working in fields and living in rural villages to people living in cities and working in factories, offices, and the like. He is noting how Brazil is becoming a(n) ________ society.

Accepted Answer

Brazil is shifting towards an industrial society, where people are mainly working in factories, offices, and other forms of industry rather than farming or agriculture. This shift is a major indicator of the country's economic development and modernization.

Question 11

Medina is looking at the historical period in which smaller groupings of humans developed into much larger societies, often ruled by kings, queens, and emperors, with the creation of cities and increasing inequality. She is studying the birth of what most sociologists call:

Accepted Answer

The historical period described in the question relates to the birth of civilization, where smaller groupings of humans advanced to create larger societies with more complex structures of government, religion, and social hierarchy. The creation of cities and increasing inequality are markers of the emergence of civilization, making choice A the best answer. The other choices (religion, spirituality, and art) may be part of a civilization, but do not fully capture the broad concept of the birth of civilization.

Question 12

Deric studies Singapore and the process through which it has begun developing a strong industrial base. It might be said that he is studying:

Accepted Answer

Deric is studying an emerging economy, as Singapore is considered an emerging market due to its recent rapid economic growth and development.

Question 13

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories is called:

Accepted Answer

Colonialism refers to the process of establishing and maintaining political and economic control over foreign territories by a more powerful country or group of people. This often involved the exploitation of resources and people in the colonized territories for the benefit of the colonizers. Assimilation refers to the absorption of one culture into another, while cultural appropriation refers to the adoption of elements of one culture by another culture without proper acknowledgement or respect. Manifest Destiny is a term used to describe the 19th-century belief among Americans that it was their God-given right to expand westward and spread their civilization.

Question 14

________ is a sense of identification with one's people that is expressed through a common set of strongly held beliefs. Sometimes these include the belief that the people of a particular nation have historical or God-given rights that supersede those of other people.

Accepted Answer

Nationalism refers to a sense of belonging and pride in one's nation or ethnicity. It includes strong beliefs and can include the belief that a particular group of people have historical or divine rights that are superior to those of others. Neoliberalism refers to a political and economic philosophy advocating for free-market capitalism and minimal government intervention. Ethnic enclaving refers to the process of ethnic groups settling in particular geographical locations, often resulting in segregated communities. Disidentification refers to the process of rejecting or distancing oneself from a particular identity or group.

Question 15

Why might sociologists criticize the idea that the world is made up of many isolated cultures?

Accepted Answer

Sociologists might criticize the idea that the world is made up of many isolated cultures because it ignores the fact that different cultures are connected through globalization, communication technologies like the Internet, and the movement of people and goods across national borders.

Question 16

Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals are called ________ societies.

Accepted Answer

Societies that rely on domesticated animals for subsistence are referred to as pastoral societies. These societies are typically nomadic or semi-nomadic and may move their herds to find new grazing grounds. Pastoral societies are distinct from agrarian societies that rely primarily on the cultivation of crops for subsistence, and industrialized societies that rely on mechanized production and technology to meet their needs. Postmodern societies are a recent concept associated with the globalization of information and the blurring of cultural boundaries.

Question 17

According to the Chapter, compared with larger societies-particularly modern societies, such as the United States-most hunting and gathering groups are:

Accepted Answer

The chapter states that most hunting and gathering groups are egalitarian, meaning they do not have a formal leadership hierarchy and every individual is treated equally. This is in contrast to larger modern societies, such as the United States, which often have more complex social hierarchies and formal leadership structures. The other options (B, C, and D) are not supported by the chapter's discussion of hunting and gathering societies.

Question 18

Although the majority of developing countries lag behind industrialized societies, some have now successfully embarked on a process of industrialization. These are sometimes referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The term "emerging economies" refers to developing countries that are experiencing rapid economic growth and are in the process of moving towards an industrialized society. These countries have the potential to become major players in the global economy. The other options, like McDonaldizing societies and emergent cities, are not commonly used terms for describing the industrialization process of developing countries. Sustainable development, while important, is not necessarily relevant to this question.

Question 19

Juliana notes in her research that new means of communicating seem to be creating the possibility for a new global culture and have even been helpful in organizing protests and social movement actions in places such as Tunisia, Egypt, and Kuwait. It is likely that Juliana will be studying ________ as part of this research project.

Accepted Answer

Juliana's research focuses on the new means of communication creating a global culture and aiding in protests and social movements, which suggests the study of the Internet. The other options of regular mail, the telephone, and sit-ins may not be as relevant to her research interests.

Question 20

Rosa notes in her comparative historical research that one group she studied was sedentary but was not fully industrialized and relied primarily on crops as its means of livelihood. This group would best be classified as:

Accepted Answer

The group mentioned is primarily based on agricultural practices and is not yet fully industrialized, thus it would be best classified as agrarian.

Quiz 2: Culture and Society