Question 1

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Accepted Answer

The last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development is Universal ethical principles. At this stage, individuals follow their own set of ethical principles, which are self-chosen and based on universal human rights and values. These principles may conflict with laws and rules, but individuals believe that they are more important than the authority of the social system. This stage is considered the highest level of moral reasoning.

Question 3

_____ typically focuses on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, whereas _____ emphasizes the means and motives by which actions are justified.

Accepted Answer

E

Question 4

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?

Accepted Answer

Rule utilitarianism evaluates the morality of an action based on the principle or rule that promotes the greatest overall utility for society, rather than individual situations. It emphasizes the importance of following rules that are designed to maximize well-being for the greatest number of individuals.

Question 5

Moral philosophy refers to

Accepted Answer

Moral philosophy is concerned with the principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong. It involves the study of various ethical theories and the examination of moral concepts such as justice, rights, and virtue. It is distinct from legal philosophy, which is concerned with the nature of law and the legal system. Moral philosophy provides a framework for understanding ethical issues and making moral judgments.

Question 6

A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n) ________ because she is trying to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Accepted Answer

The person in this scenario is trying to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of people, which aligns with the utilitarian philosophy. Utilitarianism is focused on achieving the greatest happiness or good for the greatest number of people. The other options (egoist, deontologist, relativist, humanitarian) do not necessarily prioritize achieving the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Question 7

According to Kohlberg's model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and with time, education, and experience, he/she

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's model suggests that as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, there is potential for change in cognitive moral development and behavior. This is influenced by various factors such as time, education, and experience. Therefore, option B is the best choice. The other options are not supported by Kohlberg's model of moral development.

Question 8

Through time, an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?

Accepted Answer

The relativist perspective holds that ethical principles and values can vary from culture to culture and over time. Therefore, an act that was once viewed as ethical may come to be viewed as unethical as a society's norms and values shift.

Question 9

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost, may be a(n) _____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals.

Accepted Answer

The marketing manager's decision shows adherence to the deontological approach, which focuses on fulfilling moral duties and obligations. In this case, the manager believes it is the company's responsibility to ensure the safety of its workers, and cost is not a determining factor. Utilitarians would weigh the costs and benefits of the decision, while egoists or hedonists would prioritize personal gain over the well-being of others. Relativists may argue that moral standards and values vary across cultures and individuals, so there is no objective right or wrong answer.

Question 10

_____ is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men.

Accepted Answer

Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher and economist, is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that markets should operate without government intervention and that a nation's wealth and prosperity could be increased through the pursuit of individuals' self-interest. However, Smith also believed that this pursuit should be guided by the morals of good men, as demonstrated in his book "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."

Question 11

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism evaluates the morality of an action based on its consequences for everyone affected, aiming to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This moral philosophy prioritizes the maximization of overall happiness or pleasure and minimization of pain or suffering.

Question 12

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles based on logic and respect for individual rights?

Accepted Answer

Rule deontology evaluates the morality of an action based on general moral principles that adhere to respect for individual rights and logical reasoning. It differs from act deontology, which focuses on the inherent morality of individual actions rather than following general rules, and act utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based on their ability to produce the greatest amount of overall happiness. Relativist perspective is not a moral philosophy in itself, but rather a standpoint that morality is subjective and varies across different cultures and individuals. Rule utilitarianism also follows general rules for behavior, but evaluates them based on their ability to promote the overall happiness of society, rather than emphasizing individual rights.

Question 13

This philosophy stipulates acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result, such as realization of self-interest or utility.

Accepted Answer

Teleology is a philosophical approach that judges the moral value of an action based on its consequences. It holds that the rightness or wrongness of an act is determined by its outcomes or end results. This approach is also sometimes referred to as consequentialism. Therefore, the philosophy of teleology is aligned with the description of the question.

Question 14

_____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ believe that no one thing is...

Question 15

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?

Accepted Answer

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are both examples of deontological moral philosophy which focuses on the moral duties and obligations that individuals have towards others, regardless of the consequences of their actions. This is in contrast to teleological moral philosophy (A) which evaluates actions based on their outcomes, relativism (C) which suggests that moral truth is relative to individual perspectives, egoism (D) which emphasizes self-interest as the basis of moral behavior, and utilitarianism (E) which focuses on maximizing the overall happiness and well-being of society.

Question 16

Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior, rather than its consequences?

Accepted Answer

Deontology is a moral philosophy that emphasizes the importance of duty and rules. According to this philosophy, certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their consequences. Deontologists believe that individuals have certain rights that must be respected, and that the morality of an action is determined by whether or not it respects these rights. Additionally, deontologists pay close attention to the intentions behind an action, rather than just its outcomes.

Question 17

An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Accepted Answer

The individual is considering their duty to society, which falls under the Social system and conscience maintenance stage of Kohlberg's cognitive moral development. This stage involves individuals seeing themselves as a part of a larger system and recognizing their duty to uphold the social order and laws of that system.

Question 18

An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n)

Accepted Answer

This individual is likely a relativist, as they believe that the ethical value of an action is relative to the norms and standards of their company and industry, rather than based on any inherent ethical principles or consequences.

Question 19

_____ are person-specific, whereas _____ are based on decisions made by groups or when carrying out tasks to meet business objectives.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ are person-specific, whereas _____ are based...

Question 20

Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups?

Accepted Answer

The relativist perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively based on individual or cultural experiences and values. It rejects the notion of universal, objective ethical principles and instead emphasizes the importance of context and personal interpretation in determining what is right or wrong. Virtue ethics, egoism, absolutism, and justice all offer more objective frameworks for determining ethical behavior based on principles such as virtues, self-interest, moral absolutes, or fairness, respectively.

Quiz 6: Individual Factors: Moral Philosophies and Values