Question 1

A research participant's right to confidentiality ensures that
A) the source of information will not be disclosed without the express permission of the informant.
B) the source of information will only be disclosed when clearly necessary for scientific purposes.
C) the source of information will not be disclosed unless participants have been informed about who will have access to the data.
D) the source of information will only be disclosed when there are no risks of negative consequences.

Accepted Answer

Confidentiality means that the information provided by the participant will not be shared without their explicit consent, ensuring their privacy is protected.

Question 2

To look at variability in a group, a researcher with ordinal level data would use
A) quartile deviation.
B) range.
C) standard deviation.
D) standard score.

Accepted Answer

Since the researcher has ordinal level data, the most appropriate choice for measuring variability is the quartile deviation. This is because quartiles are used to divide a distribution into four equal segments, which can give a more accurate representation of the spread of data in a skewed data set. Thus, quartile deviation would help the researcher to identify the range of values that encompass the middle 50% of the data, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the variability within a group.

Question 3

Exhibit 20-1: Choose the correlation statistic appropriate to use with the level of measurement specified in the following statements.
-Refer to Exhibit 20-1.A correlation statistic used with interval level data.
A) Spearman's rho.
B) Phi coefficient.
C) Pearson's r.
D) Fisher's z.

Accepted Answer

Pearson's r is the appropriate correlation statistic to use with interval level data.

Question 4

One component of the introduction in a qualitative proposal that is not commonly addressed in the introduction of a quantitative proposal is
A) the purpose of the study.
B) the potential for bias.
C) the research question or focus.
D) the connection to the larger research context.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research often involves a greater focus on potential researcher bias and subjectivity compared to quantitative research, making it important to address this in the introduction. The other options are commonly addressed in both qualitative and quantitative proposals.

Question 5

Institutional Review Boards review research proposals to ensure that subjects
A) are adequately protected from harm.
B) understand their right to give or withhold consent to participate.
C) understand how the researcher intends to analyze the data collected from them.
D) a and b
E) a, b and c

Accepted Answer

Institutional Review Boards review research proposals to ensure that subjects are adequately protected from harm and understand their right to give or withhold consent to participate. While they may also review the researcher's intended data analysis methods, this is not a primary focus or requirement for IRB approval. Therefore, choices A and B are correct, but C is not necessary for IRB review. Hence, the correct choice is D.

Question 6

To look at variability in a group, a researcher with nominal level data would use
A) quartile deviation.
B) range.
C) standard deviation.
D) standard score.

Accepted Answer

Nominal level data is categorical data that cannot be ranked or ordered, making it difficult to use measures like quartile deviation, standard deviation, or standard scores. The best choice for looking at variability in a group with nominal level data is range, which is a simple measure of the difference between the highest and lowest values in the data set.

Question 7

Differences between quantitative and qualitative literature reviews include
A) assumptions about the iterative nature of the literature review.
B)inclusiveness criteria for different kinds of information from different sources.
C)Both a and b.
D)Neither a nor b.

Accepted Answer

Quantitative and qualitative literature reviews are different in terms of their assumptions about the iterative nature of the review (a) and inclusiveness criteria for different kinds of information from different sources (b). Therefore, the correct answer is C, both a and b.

Question 8

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 20-2.The achievement of students will be compared.
A) The problem lacks practical or theoretical significance.
B) The hypothesis or question is too broadly stated.
C) The procedures are lacking in detail.
D) Relevant variables are not considered.
E) The design is not appropriate for answering the research question.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of...

Question 9

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 20-2.The study comparing the effectiveness of two methods of teaching reading did not look at the influence of students' gender or their verbal aptitude on achievement.
A) The problem lacks practical or theoretical significance.
B) The hypothesis or question is too broadly stated.
C) The procedures are lacking in detail.
D) Relevant variables are not considered.
E) The design is not appropriate for answering the research question.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of...

Question 10

Indexes that describe the relationship of variables within a population are known as measures of
A) central location.
B) variability.
C) correlation.
D) interaction.
E) individual location.

Accepted Answer

Correlation measures describe the relationship between variables in a population. Measures of central location (A) describe where the middle of the data is located, measures of variability (B) describe how spread out the data is, measures of interaction (D) describe the relationship between variables in a specific context, and measures of individual location (E) are not a commonly used statistical term.

Question 11

Exhibit 20-1: Choose the correlation statistic appropriate to use with the level of measurement specified in the following statements.
-Refer to Exhibit 20-1.A correlation statistic used with nominal level data is
A) Spearman's rho.
B) Phi coefficient.
C) Pearson's r
D) Fisher's z.

Accepted Answer

Phi coefficient is the most appropriate correlation statistic used with nominal level data. Spearman's rho and Pearson's r require interval or ratio level data, and Fisher's z is used for correlation coefficients that have been transformed to follow a normal distribution.

Question 12

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 20-2.For what political party did union leaders vote in the 1934 elections?
A) The problem lacks practical or theoretical significance.
B) The hypothesis or question is too broadly stated.
C) The procedures are lacking in detail.
D) Relevant variables are not considered.
E) The design is not appropriate for answering the research question.

Accepted Answer

The question about the political party union leaders voted for in 1934 lacks practical or theoretical significance, as it does not contribute to current understanding or address a meaningful research problem.

Question 13

Exhibit 20-1: Choose the correlation statistic appropriate to use with the level of measurement specified in the following statements.
-Refer to Exhibit 20-1.A correlation statistic used with ordinal level data is
A) Spearman's rho.
B) Phi coefficient.
C) Pearson's r.
D) Fisher's z.

Accepted Answer

Spearman's rho is the appropriate correlation statistic when dealing with ordinal level data. This statistic measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables that are ordinal in nature. It uses rank-order data, which means that it ignores the exact values for each variable and only considers their order or ranking.

Question 14

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 20-2.A researcher who wanted to know about the effectiveness of phonics instruction on learning to read asked a group of teachers their opinions.
A) The problem lacks practical or theoretical significance.
B) The hypothesis or question is too broadly stated.
C) The procedures are lacking in detail.
D) Relevant variables are not considered.
E) The design is not appropriate for answering the research question.

Accepted Answer

The design of asking teachers for their opinions does not directly measure the effectiveness of phonics instruction on learning to read, making it inappropriate for answering the research question.

Question 15

To look at variability in a group, a researcher with interval level data would use
A) quartile deviation	.
B) range.
C) standard deviation.
D) standard score.

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation is the best choice as it measures the amount of variability or dispersion around the mean in a set of data. It is a commonly used measure of variability for interval level data. Quartile deviation and range are also measures of variability, but they are less precise than standard deviation. Standard score (also known as z-score) is a measure of how many standard deviations a value is from the mean, and is not a measure of variability in a group.

Question 16

A qualitative research proposal is designed to help the reader understand
A) why the study is needed and important.
B) how the study will be conducted.
C) how results will contribute to the body of knowledge.
D) a and c
E) a, b, and c

Accepted Answer

A qualitative research proposal outlines the importance and need for the study (A), explains the methodology for how the study will be conducted (B), and describes how the results will contribute to the existing body of knowledge (C), making all these components essential.

Question 17

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 20-2.Kohlberg used only boys to test his theory of moral development.
A) The problem lacks practical or theoretical significance.
B) The hypothesis or question is too broadly stated.
C) The procedures are lacking in detail.
D) Relevant variables are not considered.
E) The design is not appropriate for answering the research question.

Accepted Answer

The statement highlights a limitation in the research design by not considering gender as a relevant variable, which could impact the generalizability and applicability of Kohlberg's theory of moral development to both genders.

Question 18

Indexes that describe the dispersion of measures in a group are known as measures of
A) central location.
B) variability.
C) correlation.
D) interaction.
E) individual location.

Accepted Answer

The term "dispersion" is associated with the way values are spread out in a data set. Therefore, indexes that describe this dispersion are known as measures of variability. Choices A, C, D, and E are incorrect because they do not accurately describe this concept.

Question 19

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions.
-Refer to Exhibit 20-2.Do students with the highest verbal aptitude scores learn to read more quickly?
A) The problem lacks practical or theoretical significance.
B) The hypothesis or question is too broadly stated.
C) The procedures are lacking in detail.
D) Relevant variables are not considered.
E) The design is not appropriate for answering the research question.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of...

Question 20

When an individual consents to participate in a study, that consent should be
A) voluntary.
B) informed.
C) given by a competent individual.
D) All of these are true.

Accepted Answer

Each of the options listed (voluntary, informed, and given by a competent individual) are important aspects of obtaining ethical and valid consent for participation in a study. Therefore, all three are true and selecting option D is the most accurate answer.

Quiz 20: Guidelines for Writing Research Proposals

A research participant's right to confidentiality ensures that

To look at variability in a group, a researcher with ordinal level data would use

Exhibit 20-1: Choose the correlation statistic appropriate to use with the level of measurement specified in the following statements. -Refer to Exhibit 20-1.A correlation statistic used with interval level data.

One component of the introduction in a qualitative proposal that is not commonly addressed in the introduction of a quantitative proposal is

Institutional Review Boards review research proposals to ensure that subjects

To look at variability in a group, a researcher with nominal level data would use

Differences between quantitative and qualitative literature reviews include

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions. -Refer to Exhibit 20-2.The achievement of students will be compared.

Indexes that describe the relationship of variables within a population are known as measures of

Exhibit 20-1: Choose the correlation statistic appropriate to use with the level of measurement specified in the following statements. -Refer to Exhibit 20-1.A correlation statistic used with nominal level data is

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions. -Refer to Exhibit 20-2.For what political party did union leaders vote in the 1934 elections?

Exhibit 20-1: Choose the correlation statistic appropriate to use with the level of measurement specified in the following statements. -Refer to Exhibit 20-1.A correlation statistic used with ordinal level data is

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions. -Refer to Exhibit 20-2.A researcher who wanted to know about the effectiveness of phonics instruction on learning to read asked a group of teachers their opinions.

To look at variability in a group, a researcher with interval level data would use

A qualitative research proposal is designed to help the reader understand

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions. -Refer to Exhibit 20-2.Kohlberg used only boys to test his theory of moral development.

Indexes that describe the dispersion of measures in a group are known as measures of

Exhibit 20-2: Identify the common weakness of research proposals that is illustrated in each of the following statements or questions. -Refer to Exhibit 20-2.Do students with the highest verbal aptitude scores learn to read more quickly?

When an individual consents to participate in a study, that consent should be