Question 1

Top-down processing is distinguished by its reliance on a(n)
A)assembly of elements into a meaningful pattern.
B)downward scanning of the eyes.
C)search for familiar features or elements.
D)understanding of the context of a situation.

Accepted Answer

Top-down processing involves using one's prior knowledge and context to interpret information. Thus, understanding of the context of a situation is a key component of top-down processing. While the other options may also be involved in top-down processing, they are not its defining feature.

Question 2

Mr.Kawicki is teaching his sixth-grade science students about the scientific method.Students are instructed about each component of the method first in order to understand the whole process.This instructional strategy is based on what concept?
A)Bottom-up processing
B)Memory strength
C)Propositional network
D)Top-down processing

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up processing involves understanding a concept by first learning about its individual components and then integrating them to understand the whole.

Question 3

According to current cognitive theories,information may be lost from long-term memory in all of the following ways EXCEPT by
A)interference.
B)lack of use.
C)substitution.
D)time decay.

Accepted Answer

According to current cognitive theories, information may be lost from long-term memory due to interference (when new information disrupts the retrieval of old information), lack of use (when memories are not accessed or practiced), and time decay (when memories fade over time). However, substitution is not considered as a way of losing information from long-term memory.

Question 4

Which one of the following statements is consistent with the cognitive approach to learning?
A)Feedback serves as a consequence of a person's actions.
B)Learning is independent of elicited responses.
C)Learning is independent of external circumstances.
D)The same event means different things to different people.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach emphasizes that individuals process information and interpret events differently, so the same event can have different meanings to different people. This relates to how people code, store, and retrieve information in memory, and how their beliefs and expectations influence their learning and behavior. Feedback (choice A) is important in the cognitive approach, but it is not the primary focus. Learning is not independent of elicited responses (choice B) because the cognitive approach acknowledges that behavior can be shaped by consequences and reinforcement. Learning is also not independent of external circumstances (choice C) because the cognitive approach recognizes that the environment can influence how information is perceived and processed.

Question 5

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?
A)Two to four
B)Five to nine
C)11 to 12
D)13 to 15

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about five to nine chunks. This is also known as Miller's Law or The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two. This means that individuals can hold about seven pieces of information (plus or minus two) in their working memory at a given time.

Question 6

Older cognitive views of learning emphasized the acquisition of knowledge,although newer approaches stress ________ of knowledge.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Older cognitive views of learning emphasized the...

Question 7

The basic purpose of chunking as a memory strategy is to
A)increase the capacity of information in all of the sensory registers.
B)increase the amount of information to be stored in the long-term memory.
C)reduce the amount of information to be stored in the working memory.
D)reduce the amount of time for processing information in long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves breaking down information into smaller, more manageable units, reducing the amount of information to be stored in working memory. This enables easier processing and retrieval of the information later on.

Question 8

Our ability to conserve something in working memory is most directly affected by the
A)executive control processes.
B)perceptual factors that we apply to the stimulus.
C)reinforcement of information.
D)strength and intensity of the initial stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Executive control processes are responsible for maintaining and updating working memory. It involves the manipulation, monitoring, and updating of information in the working memory system. Therefore, the ability to conserve something in working memory is most directly affected by executive control processes.

Question 9

A jogger is startled by the feeling of a moving object on his right side.It could have been a ferocious dog,but it turns out to be a newspaper page blown by the wind.What memory component was most directly involved?
A)Episodic
B)Schematic
C)Sensory memory
D)Working memory

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is responsible for taking in and processing incoming sensory information, including touch (in this case, feeling the newspaper page) before it is either discarded or transferred to working memory for further processing.

Question 10

Items can typically be stored in working memory for approximately how long?
A)About 20 seconds
B)A day
C)One minute
D)One week

Accepted Answer

Items can typically be stored in working memory for about 20 seconds before they start to decay or get replaced by new information.

Question 11

Bottom-up processing refers to the way people examine a new stimulus for
A)contextual cues.
B)contrasting details.
C)perceptual closure.
D)recognizable features.

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up processing involves analyzing individual features of a stimulus and using them to build a larger understanding or perception. Therefore, recognizable features would be the best choice for describing what people examine in a new stimulus during bottom-up processing. Contextual cues, contrasting details, and perceptual closure are all related to higher-level processing and involve using prior knowledge or expectations to interpret a stimulus.

Question 12

While Mr.Lindsey was explaining the social studies assignment,Missy was finishing homework due for her next class.When the class began the assignment,Missy did not know what to do.According to the information processing model of cognitive learning,Missy was lost because
A)her perception of the activity was different from that of other students.
B)she did not pay attention to the instructions that were given.
C)the instructions for the assignment were out of context.
D)the instructions were not transferred from working to long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Missy was lost because she did not pay attention to the instructions that were given, which is a crucial step in the information processing model of cognitive learning.

Question 13

The following statement is TRUE about the most recent version of the information processing system:
A)Sensory memories first are stored in long-term memory before they are stored in working memory.
B)There are five separate components to the memory system (sensory,short-term memory,executive memory,long-term memory,and schemas)
C)Attention plays a key role in the sensory memory,working memory,and long-term memory.
D)Episodic memory is another term for sensory memory.

Accepted Answer

Attention plays a key role in all three types of memory: sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. It is necessary to attend to sensory information in order to transfer it from sensory memory to working memory, and attention is also required to encode information into long-term memory.

Question 14

In the cognitive approach to learning,learning
A)depends a great deal on individual perception.
B)is dependent on elicited responses.
C)is determined by acquired traits.
D)is primarily a consequence of other people's actions.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach emphasizes the role of individual perception, cognition, and mental processes in learning. It proposes that learners actively construct meanings and knowledge based on their own experiences and interpretation of information. Therefore, learning in the cognitive approach is not solely determined by external factors, but also depends on how learners perceive and process information.

Question 15

What you are thinking about right now is being held in what type of memory?
A)Long-term
B)Schematic
C)Sensory
D)Working

Accepted Answer

The current thought in your mind is being held in working memory, also known as short-term memory. Working memory is responsible for holding and manipulating information in our consciousness for a short period of time. This memory system is highly active and is constantly processing and updating information. It has a limited capacity and information is quickly forgotten if not rehearsed or transferred to long-term memory.

Question 16

Cliff is good at solving math problems,but has difficulty solving problems in his computer class.His problem-solving ability in math represents what type of knowledge?
A)Conditional
B)Declarative
C)Domain-specific
D)Procedural

Accepted Answer

Domain-specific knowledge refers to knowledge and skills that are specific to a particular subject or domain, such as math. Since Cliff is good at solving math problems but has difficulty with computer class problems, his problem-solving ability in math represents domain-specific knowledge.

Therefore, the best choice is C – Domain-specific.

Question 17

Compared to the behavioristic orientation,the cognitive perspective recognizes people as what type of learners?
A)Active
B)Egocentric
C)Passive
D)Social

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective recognizes people as active learners who actively process information and construct knowledge through their interactions with the environment. They use their previous knowledge and experiences to make sense of new information and apply it to different situations. This is in contrast to the passive role that behaviorism suggests for learners, where they are viewed as reacting to stimuli without actively engaging in the learning process.

Question 18

One of the educational implications of sensory memory is that
A)attention is necessary if children are to remember information.
B)children can take in and comprehend almost a limitless amount of information.
C)information seen is brought into consciousness almost immediately.
D)reinforcement is a requirement if children are to retain information.

Accepted Answer

Attention is necessary for information to move from sensory memory to short-term memory, where it can be processed and remembered. Without attention, information in sensory memory is quickly lost.

Question 19

Claire,a three-year-old,has difficulty remembering her street address.According to research on short-term memory use,what is a likely cause of Claire's problem?
A)Both limited memory capacity and ineffective strategy use
B)Ineffective strategy use,but not limited memory capacity
C)Limited memory capacity,but not ineffective strategy use
D)Neither limited memory capacity nor effective strategy use

Accepted Answer

Claire's difficulty is likely due to both limited memory capacity, as young children have smaller short-term memory spans, and ineffective strategy use, as they are still developing memory strategies.

Question 20

Josh's history teacher wants Josh to learn important events that occurred during the Civil War.What type of knowledge would be most directly involved in this learning?
A)Conditional declarative
B)Domain-specific declarative
C)General declarative
D)Procedural declarative

Accepted Answer

Domain-specific declarative knowledge refers to knowledge specific to a particular domain, such as history, that includes important facts and information within that domain. Learning about events that occurred during the Civil War would involve domain-specific declarative knowledge.

Quiz 8: Cognitive Views of Learning

Top-down processing is distinguished by its reliance on a(n)

Mr.Kawicki is teaching his sixth-grade science students about the scientific method.Students are instructed about each component of the method first in order to understand the whole process.This instructional strategy is based on what concept?

According to current cognitive theories,information may be lost from long-term memory in all of the following ways EXCEPT by

Which one of the following statements is consistent with the cognitive approach to learning?

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?

Older cognitive views of learning emphasized the acquisition of knowledge,although newer approaches stress ________ of knowledge.

The basic purpose of chunking as a memory strategy is to

Our ability to conserve something in working memory is most directly affected by the

A jogger is startled by the feeling of a moving object on his right side.It could have been a ferocious dog,but it turns out to be a newspaper page blown by the wind.What memory component was most directly involved?

Items can typically be stored in working memory for approximately how long?

Bottom-up processing refers to the way people examine a new stimulus for

While Mr.Lindsey was explaining the social studies assignment,Missy was finishing homework due for her next class.When the class began the assignment,Missy did not know what to do.According to the information processing model of cognitive learning,Missy was lost because

The following statement is TRUE about the most recent version of the information processing system:

In the cognitive approach to learning,learning

What you are thinking about right now is being held in what type of memory?

Cliff is good at solving math problems,but has difficulty solving problems in his computer class.His problem-solving ability in math represents what type of knowledge?

Compared to the behavioristic orientation,the cognitive perspective recognizes people as what type of learners?

One of the educational implications of sensory memory is that

Claire,a three-year-old,has difficulty remembering her street address.According to research on short-term memory use,what is a likely cause of Claire's problem?

Josh's history teacher wants Josh to learn important events that occurred during the Civil War.What type of knowledge would be most directly involved in this learning?