Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

The cardinal signs of inflammation include heat, edema, and pain. Pus formation is not a cardinal sign but is a consequence of inflammation when there is infection involved.

Question 2

All of the following are mechanisms to avoid digestion by phagocytes EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Formation of phagolysosomes is not a mechanism to avoid digestion by phagocytes, it is actually the process by which phagocytes digest pathogens by fusing phagosomes with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes. A, C, and D are all mechanisms used by pathogens to avoid digestion by phagocytes.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an example of a white blood cell (WBC)?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes are red blood cells, not white blood cells. A, B, and C are all types of white blood cells.

Question 4

Macrophages arise from which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages arise from monocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are also types of white blood cells, but they do not give rise to macrophages.

Question 5

Lysozyme is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme is an enzyme that is part of the chemical barrier of the body's innate immune response. It can break down bacterial cell walls and is found in tears, saliva, and mucus.

Question 6

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT that they

Accepted Answer

NK cells destroy cells via a process called apoptosis, not phagocytosis.

Question 7

Once the inflammatory process is complete,neutrophils undergo

Accepted Answer

After the inflammatory process is complete, neutrophils undergo apoptosis, which is programmed cell death. This is done to prevent the release of harmful enzymes and other chemicals that could damage surrounding tissues. The other options (phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and opsonization) are all functions of neutrophils during the inflammatory process, but are not what happens to the neutrophils once the process is complete.

Question 8

Bacterial cells may be phagocytized and processed for presentation by

Accepted Answer

Bacterial cells can be engulfed and digested by macrophages, which can then present the bacterial antigens to T cells for activation of the immune response. Erythrocytes and mast cells do not have phagocytic abilities, and T cells do not directly phagocytize bacteria.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical barrier to infection?

Accepted Answer

Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that are part of the innate immune system, not physical barriers. Skin, lungs, and mucosal membranes are physical barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens.

Question 10

Vasodilation promoted by the release of vasoactive factors from macrophages leads to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation, a process often initiated by the release of vasoactive factors from macrophages, increases blood flow to the affected area. This can stimulate local nerve endings, leading to the sensation of pain.

Question 11

A consequence of chronic inflammation for the host is the formation of a

Accepted Answer

Granulomas are a type of immune response that forms in response to chronic inflammation. They are characterized by the accumulation of activated immune cells, such as macrophages, and the formation of nodules or clusters of cells. Granulomas can be found in various tissues and organs, such as the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes, and are associated with a number of diseases, including tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Boils, abscesses, and cysts are also types of inflammatory responses, but they differ in their specific cellular and structural characteristics.

Question 12

An immune response that is always on and nonspecific is called ________ immunity.

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is always on and nonspecific, meaning it provides a broad defense against a wide range of pathogens without requiring prior exposure or specificity for a particular pathogen. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is specific and requires prior exposure to a pathogen in order to mount a response. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity are subsets of adaptive immunity that involve different types of immune cells and mechanisms.

Question 13

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg.The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding.Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A child falls and suffers a deep...

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Type II interferons, also known as interferon-gamma, increase the expression of MHC antigens on the surface of macrophages, leading to increased antigen presentation and activation of immune responses. Type I interferons, such as interferon-alpha, do not have this effect. Therefore, option A and B are incorrect. Option D is also incorrect as interferon-gamma is a type II interferon.

Question 15

An example of oxygen-dependent killing is

Accepted Answer

Superoxide ion is an oxygen-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is generated by neutrophils and is involved in microbial killing. Lactoferrin, lysozyme, and defensins are all antimicrobial proteins that exert their killing effects through different mechanisms, but they do not rely on oxygen-dependent ROS.

Question 16

Penicillin interferes with bacterial cell walls.Which of the following interferes with the bacterial cell wall inside the phagolysosome?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme is an enzyme found in the phagolysosome of phagocytic cells that breaks down the bacterial cell wall by cleaving the bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. This weakens the bacterial cell wall, making it more susceptible to other antimicrobial factors present in the phagolysosome. Lactoferrin, defensins, and oxygen radicals do not directly target the bacterial cell wall inside the phagolysosome.

Question 17

Small protein molecules secreted by macrophages are called

Accepted Answer

Small protein molecules secreted by macrophages are known as cytokines. These molecules play a role in immune responses by regulating cell growth and differentiation, and they also have an impact on inflammation and hematopoiesis. Vasoactive factors, selectins, and bradykinin are distinct from cytokines and have different functions in the body.

Question 18

A specialized macrophage located in skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)is called

Accepted Answer

Langerhans cells are a specialized type of dendritic cell that are located in the skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). They play a key role in the immune response to various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages use inhibitory glycoproteins to recognize self and avoid attacking healthy cells. This is not related to phagocytosis being a specific immune response, opsonization preventing phagocytosis, or capsules enhance phagocytosis, which are all false statements.

Question 20

The classical,alternative,and lectin complement pathways all converge with the activation of

Accepted Answer

All three complement pathways, classical, alternative, and lectin, converge with the activation of C3. This activation leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) which helps in cell lysis. Therefore, the correct answer is C3.

Quiz 15: The Immune System: Inflammation and Innate Immunity

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

All of the following are mechanisms to avoid digestion by phagocytes EXCEPT

Which of the following is NOT an example of a white blood cell (WBC) ?

Macrophages arise from which of the following?

Lysozyme is an example of a(n)

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT that they

Once the inflammatory process is complete,neutrophils undergo

Bacterial cells may be phagocytized and processed for presentation by

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical barrier to infection?

Vasodilation promoted by the release of vasoactive factors from macrophages leads to which of the following?

A consequence of chronic inflammation for the host is the formation of a

An immune response that is always on and nonspecific is called ________ immunity.

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg.The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding.Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?

Which of the following statements is true?

An example of oxygen-dependent killing is

Penicillin interferes with bacterial cell walls.Which of the following interferes with the bacterial cell wall inside the phagolysosome?

Small protein molecules secreted by macrophages are called

A specialized macrophage located in skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) is called

Which of the following statements is true?

The classical,alternative,and lectin complement pathways all converge with the activation of