Question 1

The fact that letters that sound similar can create memory distortions after they are encoded is one of the problems with the fact that information in working memory is encoded:

Accepted Answer

The fact that letters that sound similar can create memory distortions suggests that the information is being encoded verbally, based on sound, rather than visually or physically. This is because visually encoded information would be less vulnerable to sound-based distortions, and physically encoded information would be less vulnerable to both sound- and visually-based distortions. Semantically encoded information would be based on meaning rather than sound, and gustatory encoding refers to taste, which is not relevant in this context.

Question 2

General knowledge, language, and concepts are seen as parts of

Accepted Answer

General knowledge, language, and concepts are all examples of information that is stored in semantic memory, which is a type of declarative memory. Declarative memory relates to memories that can be consciously recalled and described, in contrast to procedural memory which involves the recall of motor skills and habits. Both semantic and episodic memories are types of declarative memories, but episodic memories specifically refer to memories of personal experiences. Explicit memory refers to memories that can be consciously recalled and described, which includes both semantic and episodic memories.

Question 3

According to the levels-of-processing theory, if Jon wanted Maqsood to remember the sentences "At first, it is better to run than to walk, " "Birds seldom get too close," and "A rock can be used as an anchor," he should

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing theory suggests that deeper levels of processing, such as semantic processing (understanding the meaning of words and sentences), lead to better long-term memory. Telling Maqsood that the sentences all refer to kite-flying encourages him to think about the meaning of the sentences in a specific context, which is a deeper level of processing compared to focusing on the sound, the length of words, or their alphabetical order.

Question 4

The ________ theory claims that establishing more connections with long-term memories makes information more meaningful and memorable and thus easier to recall.

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing theory holds that memory processes depend on the depth of mental processing. If we engage in deep/semantic processing by connecting new information with long-term memories or by generating more associations, we are more likely to remember the information. This theory has been supported by many empirical studies. B describes the hypothetical physical trace of an experience in the brain, C refers to a method of brain research that examines the spatial patterns of brain activity, D describes a learning schedule, and E describes how emotional states or moods can influence memory retrieval.

Question 5

Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing?

Accepted Answer

Micah is accessing the visuospatial sketchpad, which is the part of working memory that deals with visual and spatial information.

Question 6

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a ________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word.

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing model suggests that processing information at a deeper level (such as semantically) leads to better retention and stronger memory compared to processing it at a shallower level (such as visually). Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Question 7

According to the levels-of-processing model, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a ________level.

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing model suggests that information processed at a deeper level is more likely to be remembered, as deeper processing involves more elaborate, longer-lasting, and stronger memory traces compared to shallow processing.

Question 8

If one wants to increase the capacity of working memory, more items can be held through the process of

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of breaking down larger items into smaller, more manageable chunks, allowing more information to be held in working memory at once. For example, instead of trying to remember a string of numbers like 8562950132, chunking could be used to group them into smaller chunks like 856-295-0132. This allows more information to be held in working memory at once and can increase its capacity. Decoding, rote rehearsal, data compression, and priming do not directly increase the capacity of working memory.

Question 9

The best strategy by which to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory is to engage in

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves linking new information with previously stored information in long-term memory, which allows for deeper processing and better retention of the information. This strategy is more effective than simply repeating information through maintenance rehearsal, which only holds information in working memory temporarily. Eidetic imagery may be useful for some individuals, but it is not a widely applicable strategy. Long-term potentiation is a cellular mechanism that underlies learning and memory, but it is not a deliberate strategy that can be used to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory. Repression is a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously pushing unwanted thoughts or memories out of awareness, which is not an effective way to transfer information to long-term memory.

Question 10

Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by the levels-of-processing model?

Accepted Answer

Deep processing involves thinking about the meaning of information, which is represented by choice C. The other options do not involve as much mental elaboration and are considered more shallow processing.

Question 11

Bob sells lamps for a living. In order to help people remember his telephone number, he requests the number 981-5267. Bob advertises his number as 981-LAMP. Bob is hoping that ________ will aid his customers in remembering his phone number.

Accepted Answer

Bob is using elaborative rehearsal by associating his phone number with the word "LAMP" to make it more memorable for customers.

Question 12

Working memory involves activity in circuits located with the ________ of the brain.

Accepted Answer

Working memory involves activity in circuits located within the frontal cortex, specifically the prefrontal cortex.

Question 13

Which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, sketchpad, and phonological loop?

Accepted Answer

The three interrelated systems described (central executive, sketchpad, and phonological loop) are components of working memory, which is a system for temporarily holding and manipulating information. The other options do not have these specific components.

Question 14

Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered?

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing model proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered. This model suggests that a memory's strength depends on the depth of processing that occurs, rather than the amount of time that has elapsed since the memory was formed. Thus, memories that are processed more deeply are stronger and more enduring than memories that are processed more shallowly.

Question 15

When test subjects are asked to recall a list of letters they have just seen, the mistakes they make often involve letters that sound similar to the displayed letters. These mistakes are probably due to

Accepted Answer

The mistakes made by test subjects involving letters that sound similar to the displayed letters demonstrates a reliance on acoustic coding, as they are remembering and associating the sounds of the letters rather than their appearance or meaning.

Question 16

The levels-of-processing model would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word "frog"?

Accepted Answer

The level-of-processing model suggests that deeper processing leads to better memory retention. Therefore, a question that requires semantic processing, or thinking about the meaning of the word, such as "Would it be found in a pond?" would lead to better memory retention of the word "frog." The other options mainly require shallow processing or processing of visual features, which are less likely to lead to long-term memory retention.

Question 17

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

Accepted Answer

According to Craik and Lockhart's depth of processing theory, attending to the appearance of a word represents the shallowest level of processing. This involves simply recognizing and processing the basic sensory features of a stimulus, without much consideration of its meaning or relevance. In contrast, deeper processing involves analyzing the semantic, conceptual, and contextual aspects of a stimulus. Examples of deeper processing might include thinking about the meaning of a word or recalling its function, as these involve more elaborate and meaningful cognitive processing.

Question 18

Suppose you're pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck him out with a fastball the last time he was up. You also remember that your coach told you always to try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your

Accepted Answer

The central executive is responsible for decision-making, planning, and cognitive control. In this scenario, the pitcher is using their central executive to make a decision about what pitch to throw to the hitter, based on their memory of past interactions with the hitter and their coach's advice. The other options, such as the fight-or-flight response, modality-specific memory, long-term potentiation, and the phonological loop, are not directly relevant to the decision-making process involved in choosing what pitch to throw.

Question 19

Chunking is a means of

Accepted Answer

Chunking is a cognitive strategy where information is grouped together into meaningful units, making it easier to remember and recall. It is a useful tool for working memory and can improve overall memory performance.

Question 20