Question 1

Cognitive maps are:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive maps are mental representations of our environment, which include our knowledge of the spatial layout, landmarks, and other features of our environment. While some animals, such as pigeons and monkeys, may also have some form of cognitive maps, they are not necessarily similar to those of humans. Therefore, answer choice A is the best choice.

Question 2

Miranda wanted to make a casserole she saw on a food show on television.She bought the ingredients,put them together,baked it,and served it at dinner that night.To her horror,it tasted awful.She realized that she had left out a key ingredient and vowed next time to write everything down as she watched the show.Miranda's dinner disaster was an example of failing at which of Bandura's four elements of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Miranda's failure to remember a key ingredient indicates that she failed in the memory element of observational learning.

Question 3

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was actually discovered by a/an ____________.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a physiologist, while he was studying the digestive systems of dogs.

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

Accepted Answer

Pavlov was originally studying the digestive system of dogs when he accidentally discovered classical conditioning.

Question 5

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer wearing a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning, where Stephanie has associated the white coat with the experience of getting penicillin injections from the doctor, which has now become a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response of crying.

Question 6

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

Accepted Answer

Pavlov was intrigued by the fact that the dogs started to salivate when they saw his assistant and before they received the food. This led him to discover the concept of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (in this case, the presence of the assistant) becomes associated with a natural response (salivating for food).

Question 7

__________ is/are any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by experience or practice.

Accepted Answer

Learning involves a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience or practice. Adaptation refers to the way an organism adjusts to its environment over time through natural selection. Maturation refers to the biological and psychological changes that occur as an organism develops and ages. Consequences are events that follow a behaviour and can determine whether that behaviour is more or less likely to occur again in the future.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

Learning and maturation are not the same thing. Maturation refers to innate changes that occur as a result of normal biological processes, while learning involves acquiring new knowledge or skills through experiences.

Question 9

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning to make a reflex response to a previously neutral stimulus through repeated associations with a natural, meaningful stimulus. This differs from operant conditioning, which involves learning to associate a behavior with a consequence, and reflexive learning, which involves learning to make a reflex response to a specific stimulus. Stimulus response learning is a broader term that can refer to any type of learning involving the association between a stimulus and a response.

Question 10

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as a/an:

Accepted Answer

Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth is an unconditioned response, as it occurs naturally and does not require any prior learning or conditioning.

Question 11

Learning is thought to be a relatively permanent change in behaviour because:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that when learning occurs, there are physiological changes in the brain, particularly in the connections between neurons. These changes make it more likely that the behaviour will be repeated in the future, indicating that the change is relatively permanent. However, it's important to note that forgetting can still occur if the information is not used or reinforced over time.

Question 12

Seligman found many similarities between his "helpless" dogs and people suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Seligman found that his "helpless" dogs exhibited similar behaviors to those of humans suffering from depression. They displayed learned helplessness, giving up on trying to escape a negative situation even when there was an opportunity for them to do so. This observation led Seligman to study depression in humans and develop the theory of learned helplessness in humans as well.

Question 13

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of learning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following examples best illustrates...

Question 14

In Tolman's maze study,the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after the 10th day of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats:

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as latent learning, where learning can occur without any reinforcement or observable behavior, and is only demonstrated when a reward or reinforcement is offered. The rats who were not reinforced in the first nine days had still learned the maze, but had not demonstrated this learning until they were offered reinforcement.

Question 15

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was:

Accepted Answer

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning while studying dog's digestion. Through his experiments, he found that dogs would start to salivate at the sound of a bell, even if food was not present, demonstrating the principles of classical conditioning.

Question 16

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry,her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry,by drooling and whining.She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry,the sound of the door had become a/an:

Accepted Answer

The sound of the door opening (unconditioned stimulus) has become associated with the dog food being available (conditioned stimulus), causing the dog to act hungry (conditioned response).

Question 17

In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll,the children in the group that saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first.They would imitate the model only if given a reward for doing so.The fact that these children had obviously learned the behaviour without actually performing it is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that is not immediately apparent in behavior but is retained and can be demonstrated later on. In this case, the children in the group that saw the model punished did not imitate the behavior at first, but they had still learned it and were able to demonstrate it later when given a reward. This fits the definition of latent learning, making choice A the correct answer. Operant conditioning and classical conditioning involve reinforcement and punishment, respectively, but they do not specifically address the idea of latent learning. Insight learning involves sudden understanding and problem-solving without trial and error, which is not demonstrated in this study.

Question 18

Köhler determined that Sultan's two-stick solution to the banana problem was an example of insight because it was:

Accepted Answer

According to Köhler, insight involves sudden and rapid understanding, which is exactly what happened in Sultan's solution to the banana problem with his two-stick solution.

Question 19

When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.The salivation was a/an:

Accepted Answer

Salivating in response to food is a natural, unlearned response in dogs. This is called an unconditioned response. No conditioning or learning is necessary for the dogs to have this response.

Question 20

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint,such as an increase in height or the size of the brain,are examples of:

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to the natural process of development that is controlled by genetics, such as physical growth and the development of the nervous system. Learning, individual evolution, and growth cycles may also contribute to changes in development, but they are not controlled solely by genetics.

Quiz 5: Learning