Question 1

________ is a measure of internal consistency reliability that is the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items.
A)Coefficient delta
B)Coefficient alpha
C)Coefficient beta
D)Coefficient eta

Accepted Answer

Coefficient alpha, also known as Cronbach's alpha, is a commonly used measure of internal consistency reliability. It is calculated by taking the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items. Choice A, coefficient delta, is not a commonly used measure of reliability. Choice C, coefficient beta, is used in regression analysis to determine the unique contribution of each predictor variable to the outcome variable. Choice D, coefficient eta, is a measure of effect size in ANOVA.

Question 2

________ is a type of validity that addresses the question of what construct or characteristic the scale is measuring. An attempt is made to answer theoretical questions of why a scale works and what deductions can be made concerning the theory underlying the scale.
A)Construct validity
B)Content validity
C)Criterion validity
D)Internal consistency validity

Accepted Answer

Construct validity addresses the underlying theory or construct being measured by a scale, and how well that scale aligns with the theoretical understanding of that construct. Content validity is concerned with how well the items on a scale represent the content of the construct being measured. Criterion validity is concerned with how well a scale predicts or correlates with an external criterion, and internal consistency validity is concerned with how well the items on a scale measure the same construct consistently.

Question 3

There are several problems associated with the test-retest approach to determining reliability. If measuring respondents' attitude toward low-fat milk may cause them to become more health conscious and develop a more positive attitude toward low-fat milk, then there is a problem with ________.
A)the time interval between testing
B)the initial measurement altering the characteristic being measured
C)it being impossible to make repeated measurements
D)the first measurement having a carryover effect to the second or subsequent measurements

Accepted Answer

The problem described in the question is known as the "reactivity" or "testing" effect, where the act of measuring something can alter or influence the characteristic being measured. This is a common issue with the test-retest approach and can compromise the reliability of the results. The other options given (time interval, repeated measurements, and carryover effect) may also impact reliability but are not specifically related to the issue described in the question.

Question 4

________ is the a type of validity that assesses the relationship between theoretical constructs. It seeks to confirm significant correlations between the constructs as predicted by theory.
A)Convergent validity
B)Discriminant validity
C)Nomological validity
D)Concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

Nomological validity is the type of validity that assesses the relationship between theoretical constructs. It seeks to confirm significant correlations between the constructs as predicted by theory. Convergent validity assesses the extent to which different measures of the same construct are related, discriminant validity assesses the extent to which measures that should not be related are not related, and concurrent validity assesses the extent to which scores on one measure are related to scores on another measure administered at the same time.

Question 5

________ is a type of validity, sometimes called face validity, that consists of a subjective but systematic evaluation of the representativeness of the content of a scale for the measuring task at hand.
A)Construct validity
B)Content validity
C)Criterion validity
D)Internal consistency validity

Accepted Answer

The description provided matches the definition of Content Validity, which refers to the extent to which the items in a measure represent the entire range of possible items to measure the construct being assessed. It is a subjective evaluation of the representativeness of the content of a scale for the measuring task at hand.

Question 6

A scale designed to measure store image would be considered inadequate if it omitted any of the major dimensions (quality, variety, assortment of merchandise, etc.). This inadequacy would be reflected in the ________ of the scale.
A)construct validity
B)content validity
C)criterion validity
D)internal consistency validity

Accepted Answer

Content validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool, such as a scale, includes all of the key aspects or dimensions of the construct being measured. In this case, if the store image scale omitted any major dimensions, it would demonstrate poor content validity.

Question 7

________ is a type of validity that examines whether the measurement scale performs as expected in relation to other variables selected as meaningful criteria.
A)Construct validity
B)Content validity
C)Criterion validity
D)Internal consistency validity

Accepted Answer

Criterion validity examines whether the measurement scale is related to other variables that are considered meaningful criteria. It is a measure of how well the measurement tool can predict scores on an external criterion or a measure of a similar construct. Construct validity examines whether the measurement tool measures the construct it is intended to measure. Content validity examines whether the measurement tool covers all aspects of the construct being measured. Internal consistency validity examines whether the different items in a measurement tool are measuring the same construct.

Question 8

________ is assessed when the data on the scale being evaluated on the criterion variables are collected at the same time.
A)Convergent validity
B)Predictive validity
C)Concurrent validity
D)Discriminant validity

Accepted Answer

Concurrent validity refers to the extent to which scores on a new measure are related to scores on a criterion measure administered at the same time. It involves assessing the relationship between two measures taken at the same time. Therefore, when the data on the scale being evaluated on the criterion variables are collected at the same time, it is referred to as concurrent validity.

Question 9

In ________ the degree of similarity between two measurements is determined by computing a correlation coefficient. The higher the correlation coefficient, the greater the reliability.
A)test-retest reliability
B)internal consistency reliability
C)coefficient alpha
D)coefficient beta

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability involves administering the same measure to the same group of individuals on two separate occasions and comparing the results. The degree of similarity between the results is determined by computing a correlation coefficient. A high correlation coefficient indicates a high degree of reliability, meaning that the measure is consistent over time. Internal consistency reliability and coefficient alpha involve calculating the reliability of different items or subscales within a measure, while coefficient beta is not a commonly used measure of reliability.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a problem with alternative-forms reliability?
A)The results will depend on how the scale items are split.
B)It is time consuming and expensive to construct an equivalent form of the scale.
C)It is difficult to construct two equivalent forms of a scale.
D)Both B and C are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 11

________ is a type of construct validity that assesses the extent to which a measure does not correlate with other constructs from which it is supposed to differ.
A)Convergent validity
B)Discriminant validity
C)Nomological validity
D)Concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

Discriminant validity assesses how well a measure differentiates between the construct being measured and other related but distinct constructs. It is important to establish discriminant validity to ensure that a measure is not simply measuring the same construct as other measures in the same study. Convergent validity measures the degree to which different measures of the same construct produce similar results. Nomological validity assesses how well a measure fits into a theoretical framework, while concurrent validity measures the extent to which a particular measure is related to a parallel measure of the same construct.

Question 12

________ is an approach for assessing reliability in which respondents are administered identical sets of scale items at two different times under as nearly equivalent conditions as possible.
A)Internal consistency reliability
B)Split-half reliability
C)Test-retest reliability
D)Alternative-forms reliability

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability is the approach for assessing reliability in which respondents are administered identical sets of scale items at two different times under as nearly equivalent conditions as possible. This approach allows the researcher to measure the consistency of the results over time.

Question 13

________ is an approach for assessing the internal consistency of the set of items when several items are summated in order to form a total score for the scale.
A)Internal consistency reliability
B)Split-half reliability
C)Test-retest reliability
D)Alternative-forms reliability

Accepted Answer

Internal consistency reliability assesses how consistently items within a scale measure the same construct. It is used to determine if the items included in a scale are measuring the same underlying concept. It is particularly useful when the scale includes multiple items that are added together to create a total score. The most commonly used method for assessing internal consistency reliability is Cronbach's alpha.

Question 14

________ is the extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated measurements are made on the characteristic.
A)Validity
B)Generalizability
C)Reliability
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency of the results. If repeated measurements obtain similar results, then the scale is considered reliable. Validity refers to the accuracy of the results, while generalizability refers to the extent to which the results can be applied to other populations or situations.

Question 15

________ is the extent to which differences in observed scale scores reflect true differences among objects on the characteristics being measured, rather than systematic or random errors.
A)Validity
B)Generalizability
C)Reliability
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Validity refers to the accuracy of a measurement, and the extent to which it measures what it is intended to measure. It is concerned with whether the test or instrument is measuring what it is supposed to measure. Reliability is how consistent the results of the test are, regardless of accuracy. Generalizability is the extent to which the results of a study apply to other populations or situations.

Question 16

________ is a form of internal consistency reliability in which the items constituting the scale are divided into two halves and the resulting half scores are correlated.
A)Internal consistency reliability
B)Split-half reliability
C)Test-retest reliability
D)Alternative-forms reliability

Accepted Answer

Split-half reliability is the correct answer because it involves dividing the scale into two halves and correlating the scores of each half to determine internal consistency reliability. The other options (test-retest reliability, alternative-forms reliability, and internal consistency reliability) do not involve dividing the scale into two halves.

Question 17

________ is not constant.It represents transient factors that affect the observed score in different ways each time the measurement is made, such as transient personal or situational factors.
A)Systematic error
B)Measurement error
C)Random error
D)Variable error

Accepted Answer

Random error is not constant and can vary each time a measurement is made due to transient personal or situational factors. Systematic error, on the other hand, is consistent and affects the observed score in the same way each time a measurement is made. Measurement error is a general term that encompasses both random and systematic error. Variable error is not a commonly used term in the context of measurement error.

Question 18

To assess ________, a type of criterion validity, the researcher collects data on the scale at one point in time and data on the criterion variables at a future time.
A)convergent validity
B)predictive validity
C)concurrent validity
D)discriminant validity

Accepted Answer

The scenario described is clearly an example of predictive validity. In this type of criterion validity, the goal is to assess whether a measure is able to predict future outcomes or criteria. By collecting data on the scale at one point in time and the criterion variables at a later time, researchers can determine whether the measure is a good predictor of the outcome.

Question 19

A measure is perfectly reliable if ________. A)X_O = 0 B)X_T = 0 C)X_S = 0 D)X_R = 0

Accepted Answer

The answer of A measure is perfectly reliable if ________. A)X_O...

Question 20

________ is a measure of construct validity that measures the extent to which the scale correlates positively with other measures of the same construct.
A)Convergent validity
B)Discriminant validity
C)Nomological validity
D)Concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

Convergent validity is the measure of the level to which a scale correlates positively with other measures of the same construct. It is a form of construct validity that checks to see whether different approaches to measuring the same concept are correlated with each other. Choice B, discriminant validity, evaluates the degree to which the measure relates negatively with other measures of unrelated constructs. Choice C, nomological validity, evaluates the scale's ability to fit into an established network of constructs, whereas choice D, concurrent validity, identifies the strength of associations between the scale and other credible indicators gathered at the same time.

Quiz 9: Measurement and Scaling: Noncomparative Scaling Techniques

________ is a measure of internal consistency reliability that is the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items.

________ is a type of validity that addresses the question of what construct or characteristic the scale is measuring. An attempt is made to answer theoretical questions of why a scale works and what deductions can be made concerning the theory underlying the scale.

There are several problems associated with the test-retest approach to determining reliability. If measuring respondents' attitude toward low-fat milk may cause them to become more health conscious and develop a more positive attitude toward low-fat milk, then there is a problem with ________.

________ is the a type of validity that assesses the relationship between theoretical constructs. It seeks to confirm significant correlations between the constructs as predicted by theory.

________ is a type of validity, sometimes called face validity, that consists of a subjective but systematic evaluation of the representativeness of the content of a scale for the measuring task at hand.

A scale designed to measure store image would be considered inadequate if it omitted any of the major dimensions (quality, variety, assortment of merchandise, etc.) . This inadequacy would be reflected in the ________ of the scale.

________ is a type of validity that examines whether the measurement scale performs as expected in relation to other variables selected as meaningful criteria.

________ is assessed when the data on the scale being evaluated on the criterion variables are collected at the same time.

In ________ the degree of similarity between two measurements is determined by computing a correlation coefficient. The higher the correlation coefficient, the greater the reliability.

Which of the following is not a problem with alternative-forms reliability?

________ is a type of construct validity that assesses the extent to which a measure does not correlate with other constructs from which it is supposed to differ.

________ is an approach for assessing reliability in which respondents are administered identical sets of scale items at two different times under as nearly equivalent conditions as possible.

________ is an approach for assessing the internal consistency of the set of items when several items are summated in order to form a total score for the scale.

________ is the extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated measurements are made on the characteristic.

________ is the extent to which differences in observed scale scores reflect true differences among objects on the characteristics being measured, rather than systematic or random errors.

________ is a form of internal consistency reliability in which the items constituting the scale are divided into two halves and the resulting half scores are correlated.

________ is not constant.It represents transient factors that affect the observed score in different ways each time the measurement is made, such as transient personal or situational factors.

To assess ________, a type of criterion validity, the researcher collects data on the scale at one point in time and data on the criterion variables at a future time.

A measure is perfectly reliable if ________.

________ is a measure of construct validity that measures the extent to which the scale correlates positively with other measures of the same construct.