Question 1

Attitude accessibility refers to how easily an attitude comes to mind.

Accepted Answer

Attitude accessibility refers to the ease and speed with which an attitude can be retrieved from memory. In other words, how easily it comes to mind.

Question 2

The pressure to maintain consistency among beliefs and behaviors is ____.
A) equally present among humans versus animals
B) more present in animals than humans
C) more present in humans than animals
D) rarely present in humans or animals

Accepted Answer

Humans have the ability to reflect on their actions and beliefs, leading to a greater awareness of inconsistencies between the two. Animals, on the other hand, may act on instinct without the ability to reflect on the consistency of their behavior with their beliefs.

Question 3

Research on religious beliefs shows that appealing to a higher (superordinate) power can be an effective way to reduce ____.
A) the mere exposure effect
B) belief perseverance
C) attitude polarization
D) dissonance

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that appealing to a higher power can reduce cognitive dissonance, which occurs when people hold conflicting beliefs or behave in ways that contradict their beliefs. By attributing their choices or actions to a higher power, individuals can reduce the discomfort or tension that arises from their conflicting beliefs and behaviors. This can lead to greater consistency and less dissonance in their beliefs and behaviors.

Question 4

Research indicates that men show less attitude-behavior consistency than women when it comes to sexuality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research indicates that men show less attitude-behavior...

Question 5

According to balance theory (P-O-X theory), if Greg likes Tom and Tom likes Ximena, then Greg must also like Ximena.

Accepted Answer

According to balance theory, if there are three entities (P, O, and X), and P likes O, then P must also like X, if O likes X. Therefore, if Greg likes Tom and Tom likes Ximena, then Greg must also like Ximena for the theory to remain balanced.

Question 6

As discussed in the text, people who hold irrational attitudes (e.g., about Big Foot, UFOs, and ghosts) tend to ____.
A) be less prone to depression than other people
B) be less prone to anxiety than other people
C) have relatively low levels of self-esteem
D) have relatively high levels of self-esteem

Accepted Answer

The answer of As discussed in the text, people who...

Question 7

Research in social cognition has more or less suggested that evaluation is part of perception.

Accepted Answer

Research in social cognition has found that evaluation is integrated into the perceptual process, meaning that we evaluate things automatically and unconsciously as we perceive them.

Question 8

Consumer surveys (e.g., questionnaires that ask people what products they like and use) are primarily used to measure people's implicit attitudes.

Accepted Answer

Consumer surveys are primarily used to gather explicit attitudes and opinions from people about products or services. Implicit attitudes, on the other hand, are often measured through techniques like implicit association tests or reaction time tasks.

Question 9

Research indicates that students who enter college knowing their likes and dislikes on academically relevant issues tend to experience better physical and mental health in the college setting than do other students.

Accepted Answer

According to research, students who have clarity about their academic preferences tend to have better physical and mental health in college than those who do not.

Question 10

As discussed in the text, there are a number of cognitive tendencies found among gamblers that have the effect of encouraging these people to keep gambling. One of the MOST common is the tendency to see losses as ____.
A) "near wins" (not losses at all)
B) "par for the course" (as a certain number of losses are expected)
C) "practice runs" (helping to improve technique in the long term)
D) "not their fault" (special exceptions due to circumstances)

Accepted Answer

Gamblers often see losses as "near wins," convincing themselves that they were "close" to winning and therefore should keep trying. This cognitive bias is known as the "near-miss effect."

Question 11

Iris is a vegetarian, but she was forced (at gunpoint) to eat a steak last night. Research suggests that even under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalize her steak-eating to reduce this dissonance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Iris is a vegetarian, but she was...

Question 12

The so-called "A-B problem" refers to the fact that people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors.

Accepted Answer

This is a widely recognized phenomenon in psychology and social science research, where people's expressed attitudes (A) don't always align with their actions (B).

Question 13

Research suggests that learning via classical conditioning is unique to humans (and that other animals cannot learn this way).

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that other animals, such as dogs, rats, and pigeons, can also learn via classical conditioning.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of religious belief discussed in your text?
A) It can help explain what happens after death.
B) It can help explain why a misfortune has occurred.
C) It provides a stress-coping mechanism.
D) It reduces one's sense of guilt and fear.

Accepted Answer

The benefits of religious belief discussed in the text include providing explanations for what happens after death and why misfortunes occur, providing a stress-coping mechanism, and fostering a sense of community and connection. The text does not mention reducing one's sense of guilt and fear as a benefit of religious belief.

Question 15

Another term for "social learning" is "instrumental learning."

Accepted Answer

Social learning and instrumental learning are two distinct types of learning, with instrumental learning referring to a type of learning in which an individual learns to associate a behavior with a consequence or reward. Social learning, on the other hand, occurs when individuals observe and learn from the behavior and actions of others.

Question 16

Jeanne believes that her son is a genius. He takes multiple difference IQ tests and scores below average. He performs poorly in school and shows little creativity at home. He does not excel at anything he does. Yet Jeanne continues to belief in his superior intellect. Jeanne is illustrating belief perseverance.

Accepted Answer

Jeanne's belief in her son's intelligence persists despite evidence that contradicts it, which is an example of belief perseverance.

Question 17

The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal) level.

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect actually does occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal) level. Research has shown that exposure to subliminal stimuli can lead to increased likability and preference for those stimuli.

Question 18

Who is the most likely to be anxious, depressed, and/or low in self-esteem?
A) June, who believes she will be a doctor someday
B) Marsha, who is a devout Hindu
C) Holly, who believes in UFOs
D) Brendan, who holds Christian beliefs but doesn't practice them much

Accepted Answer

Individuals who hold non-traditional beliefs or experiences are often stigmatized by society, leading to feelings of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. This can be particularly true for those who believe in UFOs or other unproven phenomena, as they may face ridicule or disbelief from others.

Question 19

Which statement about humans and animals is most correct?
A) Only humans have attitudes.
B) Both humans and animals have attitudes in about equal numbers.
C) Animals have more attitudes than humans.
D) Humans have more attitudes than animals.

Accepted Answer

Humans have a far greater variety and complexity of attitudes than animals. Humans can hold beliefs, values, and opinions, as well as emotions and feelings. While animals do have emotions and some basic attitudes such as fear, aggression, and territoriality, they do not have the same level of cognitive complexity to hold attitudes in the same way that humans do.

Question 20

As discussed in the text, gamblers use tricks to ____.
A) make decisions based on cognitive reasoning
B) recover from losses and to learn from wins
C) maintain the euphoria of risk-taking
D) remain confident that they will win in the future.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As discussed in the text, gamblers use...

Quiz 7: Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency

Attitude accessibility refers to how easily an attitude comes to mind.

The pressure to maintain consistency among beliefs and behaviors is ____.

Research on religious beliefs shows that appealing to a higher (superordinate) power can be an effective way to reduce ____.

Research indicates that men show less attitude-behavior consistency than women when it comes to sexuality.

According to balance theory (P-O-X theory), if Greg likes Tom and Tom likes Ximena, then Greg must also like Ximena.

As discussed in the text, people who hold irrational attitudes (e.g., about Big Foot, UFOs, and ghosts) tend to ____.

Research in social cognition has more or less suggested that evaluation is part of perception.

Consumer surveys (e.g., questionnaires that ask people what products they like and use) are primarily used to measure people's implicit attitudes.

Research indicates that students who enter college knowing their likes and dislikes on academically relevant issues tend to experience better physical and mental health in the college setting than do other students.

As discussed in the text, there are a number of cognitive tendencies found among gamblers that have the effect of encouraging these people to keep gambling. One of the MOST common is the tendency to see losses as ____.

Iris is a vegetarian, but she was forced (at gunpoint) to eat a steak last night. Research suggests that even under these highly unusual circumstances, she will still feel dissonance and try to rationalize her steak-eating to reduce this dissonance.

The so-called "A-B problem" refers to the fact that people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors.

Research suggests that learning via classical conditioning is unique to humans (and that other animals cannot learn this way).

Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of religious belief discussed in your text?

Another term for "social learning" is "instrumental learning."

The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal) level.

Who is the most likely to be anxious, depressed, and/or low in self-esteem?

Which statement about humans and animals is most correct?

As discussed in the text, gamblers use tricks to ____.