Question 1

Humanistic theories are important to health care because these theories serve as the foundation for the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Humanistic theories emphasize the total person,which serves as the basis of holistic care.Assertiveness training refers to teaching a person to express his needs in nonaggressive ways.Behaviorism is the belief that all behavior is learned,and behavior modification is a therapy that teaches clients new behaviors that can be used to replace dysfunctional behavior.

Question 2

During a therapy session,a client is asked to respond to a word with the first word or phrase that comes to mind.What term is commonly used to refer to this technique?

Accepted Answer

Free association is a technique that is used to interpret the real meaning behind word association.Dream analysis is a technique that is used to interpret the meaning of an individual's dreams as they relate to their unconscious conflicts.Psychoanalysis is the form of therapy developed by Freud,and transference relationship is the technique used during therapy when the client transfers to the therapist emotions associated with significant people in his life.

Question 3

According to the theorist Erik Erikson,an individual strives to actualize his identity,is most productive,and demonstrates guidance of and concern for others with a core task of caring during which stage of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

The characteristics of striving to actualize identity,being most productive,and demonstrating guidance of and concern for others,according to Erikson,are seen during middle adulthood.Individuals who do not achieve the core task of caring become stagnant,self-indulgent,and absorbed in themselves.The core task of young adulthood is love;the core task of maturity is wisdom;and the core task of puberty is fidelity.

Question 4

A male client who has a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)is seen in the emergency department with complaints of chest pain,shortness of breath,and inability to concentrate,along with feelings of overwhelming anxiety.The nurse uses Maslow's theory to triage the client's complaints,knowing that which complaint must be addressed first?

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,the nurse first must address shortness of breath,followed by chest pain,and then feelings of overwhelming anxiety and inability to concentrate.Even though,based on his diagnostic history,this client may be having a panic attack,the nurse cannot ignore basic needs that are not being met first.

Question 5

Following an argument with his daughter,a father takes away her phone privileges.He later feels guilty about the argument and asks her if she would like to go shopping for new clothes.What is this defense mechanism known as?

Accepted Answer

Restitution involves engaging in an activity that helps to resolve feelings of guilt.Compensation is an attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority.Displacement involves redirecting energy to another person or object,and rationalization is a way of explaining something in a good,although not true,way.

Question 6

Carl Jung was the founder of analytical psychotherapy;he differed from Freud in that he believed that the mind was divided into three levels: the conscious ego,the personal unconscious,and the:

Accepted Answer

The collective unconscious stores experiences from the person's ancestral past and is part of what Jung believed was the third level of the mind.Extroversion and introversion were parts of the personality that Jung identified.Psyche is the mental or spiritual part of a person.

Question 7

How many stages of the human life cycle did Erik Erikson identify?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson identified eight stages of the human life cycle that form one's personality;each stage is marked by a developmental task that must be confronted and resolved.Erikson's theory is commonly used in health care today.

Question 8

A 4-year-old client in a pediatric unit is imitating the actions of the nurse.The nurse knows,according to Erik Erikson's theory,that this child is displaying a characteristic seen during which developmental stage?

Accepted Answer

The genital-locomotor stage (preschool years)is characterized by exploration of the environment,cooperative play,fantasy,and imitation of adults.Initiative and guilt are core tasks of this stage.The latency stage occurs during the school-age years (6 to 12 years old),the oral-sensory stage occurs from birth to 1 year of age,and the anal-muscular stage occurs during early childhood.

Question 9

According to Freud's theory,a baby who is crying in response to wanting to be held by his mother is an example of which part of the personality's control over behavior?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud,the id is the pleasure center of the brain that seeks immediate pleasure or avoids pain,without regard for possible outcomes.The ego is reality based and has more control than the id;the superego is not developed in early childhood because it includes a conscience.Self-control is not a component of Freud's theory of personality.

Question 10

A client does not participate in group sessions due to feeling inferior to others in the group.Based on cognitive theory,he would be directed to:

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theory and therapy stress self-regulation and control to change behavior.Reviewing relationships with parents is indicative of psychoanalysis.Behavior change for reward is based on behavioral theory,and suppression of thoughts is a negative means of coping.

Question 11

During a conversation with a male client,he voices that he really appreciates his family,likes his job,and enjoys groups in which he volunteers.According to Maslow's theory,what is this client experiencing?

Accepted Answer

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,a person is said to have reached the highest human need of self-actualization when all basic needs are met,the individual is self-directed,and the individual has reached the highest potential.Symbolization and identification are common defense mechanisms,and equilibrium is a state wherein all body systems are in balance.

Question 12

The nurse who feels the most beneficial part of the client's inpatient stay is the establishment of an interpersonal relationship with the nurse is an example of which nursing theorist?

Accepted Answer

Peplau's goal of nursing is to develop interpersonal interaction between the client and nurse.Orem's goal is to help the client attain self-care,Watson's goal is to promote and restore health,and Roy's goal is to identify demands on clients and adaptation.

Question 13

The nurse knows that the major concept of the systems theory is that individuals are viewed as functioning:

Accepted Answer

The interacting and related units are called systems,and both open and closed systems have been identified.Activities of attention,language,and imagery are components of cognitive theories.Met and unmet needs correspond to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,and social aspects of behavior are seen in sociocultural theories.

Question 14

Betty Neuman developed the nursing theory that promotes nursing interventions to assist individuals in reaching and maintaining the highest level of wellness possible.What is this theory known as?

Accepted Answer

Betty Neuman developed this model with a focus on reducing stress as a means of assisting in reaching high-level wellness.The adaptation model was developed by Myra Levine.Peplau developed the interpersonal model,and Orem developed the self-care deficit models.

Question 15

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development identifies an interrelationship between the __________ and the __________ functions in the development of one's personality.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that growth and development occurred as a result of the interrelationship between intellectual (cognitive)and emotional (affective)development.The id and the ego are part of Freud's beliefs regarding personality development.Anxiety is a vague feeling of uneasiness.Personification is a term developed by the theorist Sullivan to describe distorted images of certain relationships that occur in development of the personality.

Question 16

A client is granted permission to watch a favorite television show in the evening because she participated in an occupational therapy activity.Her therapist bases this on ______ theory.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral theory believes behavior is a result of rewards to enforce desired behaviors.Psychoanalytic theory explores the unconscious,humanistic theory deals with the whole person,not just behavior,and developmental theory focuses more on life tasks at particular points.

Question 17

During group therapy,certain group change mechanisms may be observed.When an individual engages in helping others,resulting in improvement in his or her own self-esteem,which group change mechanism has the individual experienced?

Accepted Answer

Altruism occurs when not only recipients benefit from assistance,but the individual who is giving assistance also benefits through improvement in his own self-esteem.Feedback refers to receipt of information about how one is perceived by others.Expressiveness is a group change mechanism in which group members share positive and negative emotions,and communion occurs in a group when members feel a sense of belonging.

Question 18

Group therapy,which assists in relieving emotional distress and encourages psychological and behavioral changes,was developed following World War II as a result of a:

Accepted Answer

A shortage of psychiatrists prompted the need for group therapy in the 1940s.Mental health facilities did not begin to decrease in number until psychotherapeutic drugs were introduced in the 1950s.No federal grant was provided for group therapy.

Question 19

Which of the following assessment parameters is a priority in a biobehavioral model of practice?

Accepted Answer

Biobehavioral theories follow the medical model,which states that illness is the result of abnormalities in the structure,function,or chemistry of the body.A history,physical examination,laboratory tests,imaging techniques,and electroencephalograms (EEGs;brain wave recordings)are used to assist in diagnosis.Blood chemistry is the only option providing for this structure,function,or chemical abnormality.

Question 20

A female client with low self-esteem tries to dress and act like the nurse who cares for her in an outpatient clinic setting.This behavior is an example of which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Identification occurs when an individual takes on personal characteristics of someone she admires,especially when she has low self-esteem or poor self-concept.Symbolization involves the use of unrelated objects to represent a hidden idea.Displacement involves the redirecting of energies to another person or object;projection occurs when an individual projects onto another person his or her unacceptable thoughts or emotions.

Quiz 5: Theories and Therapies