Question 1

Sylvia is suffering from severe edema in her arms and legs.Her physician prescribes a diuretic (a substance that will increase the volume of urine produced).Why might this help to alleviate Sylvia's problem?

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Question 2

Presence of glucose in the urine is evidence of what condition?

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Question 3

List and describe the three filtration barriers that substances leaving the plasma must pass through before entering the tubule lumen.

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Question 4

List and summarize the forces that influence filtration across the walls of glomerular capillaries.

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Question 5

Fred weighs 100 kg.Assume his total blood volume is 7%,his heart pumps his total blood volume within 90 seconds,and his renal blood flow is 20% of his cardiac output.Calculate the volume of blood that flows through Fred's kidneys each minute.

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Question 6

Trace a drop of water through the urinary system,beginning with the plasma in the renal artery.

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Question 7

A man's leg was crushed between a car bumper and a wall.His physicians believe their patient has suffered kidney damage from myoglobin blocking glomerular pores.Tests showed the following results:
plasma creatinine: 30 mg/100 mL plasma
24 hour urine specimen: volume = 1 liter
urine creatinine 30 mg/mL urine
A.How many mg of creatinine are in the urine specimen? How much creatinine appears in the urine per hour?
B.What is the patient's creatinine clearance in mL/min?
C.What is the patient's GFR?
D.Is this a normal GFR? Did the patient sustain kidney damage?

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Question 8

You are a physiologist on a space flight to a distant planet.You discover intelligent humanoid aliens inhabiting the planet,and they willingly submit to your tests.You discover that the alien's kidney handles the sugar alcohol mannitol just like our kidneys handle inulin.You also test the alien for its renal handling of glucose.The data from that experiment are: Plasma level (constant over 24 hrs): 6 g/dL of mannitol and 2 g/dL of glucose; 24 hr.urine sample: volume of 2 L,containing 144 g mannitol and 52 g glucose.
A.What is the alien's glomerular filtration rate?
B.What is the alien's clearance rate for glucose?
C.How does the alien kidney handle glucose?

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Question 9

In a normal kidney,which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

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A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood would cause an increase in the GFR. This is because plasma proteins (such as albumin) help to create oncotic pressure which opposes the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus, which normally acts to push fluids out of the capillaries and into the Bowman's capsule. When there are fewer plasma proteins, there is less oncotic pressure, allowing for more fluid to be filtered out of the blood and increasing the GFR.

Question 10

A person with cirrhosis of the liver has lower than normal levels of plasma proteins and a higher than normal GFR.Explain why a decrease in plasma protein concentration would cause an increase in GFR.

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Question 11

Ruby is 77 years old and can no longer control her urination.What changed in the reflex pathway that used to control her urination?

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Question 12

Describe GFR autoregulation,and explain why it is important.

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Question 13

Patrick's urine sample reveals a high concentration of glucose.Is glucose normally present in urine? Suggest two possible mechanisms to explain why the kidney would excrete excess glucose,and what abnormality may underlie those conditions.

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Question 14

Reabsorption involves what two methods of transport? Describe each.What determines which route a solute will take?

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Question 15

A professor gave the following analogy of kidney function to his freshman biology class: "Imagine your desk is a disorganized mess,containing things worth keeping and things you should throw out.Instead of picking through each item one by one and considering if it is to keep or toss,you sweep your arm across your desktop in one smooth motion,knocking the entire contents of the desk into your large trash can.Then you pull the items you want to keep out of the trash can and place them back on your desk." In what ways is this analogy accurate? In what ways is it inaccurate? Some students in his class argue that the kidneys are inefficient and poorly designed.How should the professor respond? What modern medical device may he cite in his response?

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Quiz 19: The Kidneys