Question 1

Applying learning theory when trying to help children overcome behavioral disorders or to cope with adjustment problems is often referred to as

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is the application of learning theory principles to change or modify behavior. It involves the use of positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, and shaping behavior to achieve desired outcomes. This approach is often used to help children overcome behavioral disorders or cope with adjustment problems. The other options, psychology of adjustment, classical conditioning, and sensitization learning, do not fully capture the approach of behavior modification.

Question 2

Erikson's psychosocial theory deviates from Freud's psychosexual theory in that Erikson

Accepted Answer

Erikson deviated from Freud's theory by emphasizing social relationships and physical maturation, rather than focusing on sexual and aggressive instincts. He also extended Freud's five stages to eight stages.

Question 3

According to Erikson,early experiences

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes that early experiences have a continued influence on later development. This is because each stage of development involves a different balance between a specific psychological need and environmental demands, and unresolved conflicts or challenges in one stage can impact later stages. Therefore, experiences in infancy and childhood can shape a person's overall personality and behaviors in adulthood.

Question 4

Freud's theory

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychosexual development, including his emphasis on the importance of early childhood experiences, has influenced our understanding of when and how to toilet train children. This is known as the anal stage of development, one of the stages in Freud's theory. While Freud's theories have been criticized and modified over time, they have still had a significant impact on modern thought and continue to be studied and discussed today. Therefore, option A and C are incorrect.

Question 5

What is the second stage of psychosocial development,according to Erikson?

Accepted Answer

The second stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson, is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage, children aged 1 to 3 years learn to assert their independence and develop a sense of control over their environment. If they are successful, they develop a sense of autonomy and self-confidence. If they are not allowed to explore and assert themselves, or if they are criticized and punished for doing so, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt in their own abilities.

Question 6

Zack has been wetting the bed.A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping.If the pad becomes wet,a circuit closes,causing a bell to ring.After several repetitions,Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad.Over time,Zack stops wetting the bed altogether.This is an example of the application of what theory to the treatment of bed-wetting?

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning, a key component of learning theory, in which an association is formed between a conditioned stimulus (the bell ringing) and an unconditioned response (wetting the bed). Through repeated pairings, Zack learns to associate the sensation of a full bladder with waking up before the bell rings, ultimately leading to him stopping the behavior altogether.

Question 7

Which stage in Erikson's theory involves the development of independence?

Accepted Answer

The stage that involves the development of independence is Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. During this stage (which occurs between the ages of 1 and 3), children learn to do things for themselves and develop a sense of independence. If they are encouraged and supported by caregivers, they will develop a sense of autonomy, but if they are overly controlled or criticized, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt about their abilities.

Question 8

What aspect(s)of Freud's theory has/have endured over time?

Accepted Answer

All three aspects of Freud's theory (determination of behavior, lasting effects of childhood experiences, and cognitive defense mechanisms) have endured over time and are still relevant in modern psychological theories and practices.

Question 9

According to Erikson,which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 to 6?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage that occurs between the ages of 3 to 6 is the initiative vs. guilt stage. In this stage, children develop a sense of purpose and take initiative in tasks and activities, but they may feel guilty if they overstep boundaries or fail at tasks. This stage is important for developing a sense of competence and self-esteem.

Question 10

Elena is a 6-month-old infant.She is leaning to trust her caregivers and her environment.According to Erikson's theory,which stage of psychosocial development is Elena in?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, infants between birth and 18 months old are in the stage of trust vs. mistrust. During this stage, infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust depending on the consistency and reliability of their caregivers in meeting their basic needs. Elena, being a 6-month-old infant who is learning to trust her caregivers and her environment, is in the stage of trust vs. mistrust. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Question 11

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh.In this example,what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. In this case, touching Kareem's neck naturally causes him to laugh, making it the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 12

Which of the following is considered an advantage of Erikson's theory?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory is notable for emphasizing the role of human consciousness and choice in development, highlighting how individuals actively shape their own growth through decisions and actions across their lifespan.

Question 13

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha" Kareem starts to laugh.In this example,what is the conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the response that is learned as a result of pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS), in this case "gotcha," with the unconditioned stimulus (US), which is the touch on Kareem's neck that naturally made him laugh. In this scenario, the laughter is the unconditioned response (UR), meaning it is a natural response to the touch on his neck. Over time, the "gotcha" becomes associated with the touch, and Kareem begins to laugh at just the sound of "gotcha," even without the touch. Therefore, laughing when he hears "gotcha" is the conditioned response (CR) in this scenario.

Question 14

Jeremy is 16 years old.He's in the process of figuring out not only his future career goals but also his political viewpoints and his perspectives on religion.According to Erikson,which is true about Jeremy?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescents (ages 12 to 18) are in the stage of identity vs. role confusion. This is a period in which they actively seek to develop a sense of self and a sense of direction in various aspects of their lives, including their career goals, political viewpoints, and religious beliefs. Therefore, Jeremy is most likely in the identity vs. role diffusion stage.

Question 15

Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based upon

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory is based on psychosocial development, where each stage is characterized by a specific life crisis or challenge that individuals must resolve.

Question 16

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning, as Kareem's laughter (an automatic response) is elicited by the previously neutral stimulus of his mother saying "gotcha" (which then becomes a conditioned stimulus).

Question 17

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh.In this example,what is the unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response is the natural response that occurs without any conditioning or training. In this case, the natural response is for Kareem to laugh when his neck is touched, so the unconditioned response is laughing when his neck is touched.

Question 18

Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental life crises?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson proposed the theory of psychosocial development, which states that individuals pass through eight stages of development, each marked by a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved for healthy development to occur.

Question 19

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched.Now before touching his neck,his mommy says "gotcha." Pretty soon,as soon as she says "gotcha," Kareem starts to laugh.In this example,what is the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is the stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the touch on the neck) through repeated pairings. In this example, the sound "gotcha" has become associated with the touch on the neck, and now elicits the conditioned response (laughter). Therefore, the conditioned stimulus is saying "gotcha" (B).

Question 20

According to Erikson,what is the primary task of the teenage years?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, the primary task of the teenage years is developing an identity. While sexual maturation and gaining metacognitive abilities are important aspects of adolescence, Erikson's theory focuses on the overarching task of establishing a coherent sense of self and one's place in the world.

Quiz 1: History, Theories, and Methods