Question 1

Nine-year-old Nathan has been taught by his parents that it's never acceptable to run into the street.However,he sees that his puppy has wandered onto the road,and after looking both ways,runs out to retrieve it.Nathan believes

Accepted Answer

Nathan recognizes that there are circumstances where it is necessary to break the usual rule of not running into the street, in order to save his puppy. This shows that he understands the concept of situational ethics, where rules and guidelines may need to be adjusted depending on the circumstances.

Question 2

Children who show autonomous morality not only consider social rules,but they also take into account

Accepted Answer

Children with autonomous morality consider the motives of the wrongdoer, as they understand that intentions play a role in moral judgments.

Question 3

Which type of memory can be referred to as trace memory?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory can also be referred to as trace memory as it is the initial brief stage where information is registered and stored as a sensory trace.

Question 4

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development,postconventional reasoning is based upon

Accepted Answer

Postconventional reasoning is based on one's personal moral standards, rather than being influenced solely by external factors such as social order or obedience to authority. This level of moral reasoning involves an understanding of universal ethical principles and a commitment to following them, even in the face of societal pressure or personal gain.

Question 5

Memory is

Accepted Answer

The answer of Memory is
...

Question 6

Natalie believes that Heinz should steal the drug because "that is what a good husband would do." According to Kohlberg,this is an example of which level of moral development?

Accepted Answer

The belief that Heinz should steal the drug because it is what a good husband would do shows that Natalie is operating at the conventional level of moral development, which is focused on conforming to social norms and expectations. The preconventional level is focused on self-interest and avoiding punishment, while the postconventional level involves consideration of universal ethical principles. The option for moral realism is not applicable to this scenario.

Question 7

"Value-added" teaching,which raises students' standardized achievement test scores,also raises their lifetime income and lowers the

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that effective teaching that improves standardized test scores can have long-term benefits, including reducing the risk of teenage pregnancy.

Question 8

Which type of stimuli can be held in short-term memory longer?

Accepted Answer

Auditory stimuli tend to be held in short-term memory longer than other types of stimuli. This is because the phonological loop, a component of the working memory model, is specifically designed to hold verbal and auditory information.

Question 9

Believing that Heinz should steal the drug because his wife's life is more important than the law is an example of which type of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Postconventional moral reasoning is based on an individual's personal values and beliefs, rather than solely on societal expectations or rules. In this case, believing that Heinz should prioritize his wife's life over the law is reflective of a personal moral code that prioritizes individual autonomy and compassion for others.

Question 10

In terms of memory,what is a chunk?

Accepted Answer

In terms of memory, a chunk is a cluster of information that is perceived as a single unit, which can be remembered and retrieved as a larger piece of information rather than as individual pieces. Examples of chunks include words, phrases, and even entire sentences that are stored and retrieved from memory as a single entity.

Question 11

How many chunks of information can the average 5- to 6-year-old work on at the same time?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the average 5- to 6-year-old can work on two chunks of information at the same time.

Question 12

Strutt and colleagues (1975)asked children ages 6 to 12 to sort cards based upon the shape on the card (a circle or a square).When irrelevant information was also presented on the cards,what happened?

Accepted Answer

According to the information provided, the study found that when irrelevant information was presented on the cards, children still sorted them based on the shape. This suggests that children were able to ignore the irrelevant information. However, the study also found that older children were better able to do so than younger children. Therefore, the best choice is D, as it accurately reflects the findings of the study.

Question 13

Believing that Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is wrong and Heinz will get caught and go to jail is representative of which type of moral thinking?

Accepted Answer

Heinz's actions are being judged based on societal norms and the consequences of his actions, which is characteristic of conventional moral thinking.

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE about the presence of irrelevant information in middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children in middle childhood are less affected by irrelevant information compared to younger children. However, they are not completely immune to it and may still be distracted by it. The ability to ignore irrelevant information continues to develop throughout childhood and into adolescence. While some adults may struggle with filtering out irrelevant information, it is not accurate to say that the majority cannot do so.

Question 15

You witness one car hit another in a parking lot.As the offending car drives away,you attempt to remember its license plate number by repeating it to yourself until you can write it down.Repeating the number

Accepted Answer

Repeating the license plate number involves using rehearsal in your short-term memory and encoding the visual stimuli as auditory stimulation. Therefore, all of the above options (A, B, and C) are correct.

Question 16

Selective attention refers to the ability to

Accepted Answer

Selective attention refers to our ability to focus on specific information while filtering out irrelevant information. Therefore, the correct choice is D - the ability to selectively focus on relevant features of a task.

Question 17

Kohlberg researched moral development by using which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg used The Heinz dilemmas to study moral development as it presents a moral dilemma that requires making a difficult decision that may or may not conform to one's values and beliefs. This allowed Kohlberg to assess the reasoning behind the decision-making process and the stages of moral development that individuals go through.

Question 18

When we look at an object and then blink our eyes,the visual impression of the object lasts for a fraction of a second in what is called

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is called iconic memory, which is a type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual information (such as the image of an object we just looked at) in its raw sensory form for a very short amount of time, usually about one-third of a second. Short-term memory, working memory, and selective attention are different processes which involve more active manipulation and processing of information, whereas iconic memory is a more passive and automatic process.

Question 19

How many chunks of information can a typical adult keep in short-term memory at one time?

Accepted Answer

The capacity of short-term memory is typically thought to be 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of information. This means that adults can normally hold between 5 to 9 pieces of information in short-term memory at one time. Option A) and B) do not reflect the correct answer. Option D) is a possible deviation, but not generally accepted as the norm.

Question 20

Which memory process lasts for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal?

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is a type of memory that lasts for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal. This type of memory allows us to hold onto information temporarily while we work with it, but it is quickly forgotten if not rehearsed or transferred to long-term memory. Sensory memory refers to the initial processing of sensory information from our environment and typically lasts only a few seconds. Trace memory refers to the memory of the physical properties of a stimulus, but it is not a recognized type of memory in contemporary psychology. Long-term memory is a type of memory that can last for years or even a lifetime, and it can store a vast amount of information ranging from personal experiences to general knowledge.

Quiz 12: Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development