Question 1

A measure of extraversion that has construct validity in samples in the United States also has construct validity with samples of participants assessed for extraversion in Japan.This demonstrates

Accepted Answer

The answer of A measure of extraversion that has construct...

Question 2

If a questionnaire test of sociability correlates with the number of conversations people have, the sociability test has high

Accepted Answer

Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a measure can predict future outcomes or behaviors. In this case, if the sociability test is able to predict the number of conversations people have, then it has high predictive validity. Discriminant validity refers to the ability of a measure to distinguish between different concepts or traits. Face validity refers to whether a measure appears to assess what it claims to assess. Generalizability refers to the extent to which research findings can be applied to other populations or situations.

Question 3

The process of random assignment helps to ensure

Accepted Answer

Random assignment helps to ensure equivalence between different groups by randomly assigning participants to either the experimental or control group. This minimizes the chance of confounding variables and strengthens the internal validity of the study.

Question 4

If a test of suggestibility measures suggestibility the test has

Accepted Answer

Construct validity refers to how well a test or tool measures the concept it is intended to measure, in this case, suggestibility.

Question 5

In an experimental design, the manipulated variable is called the _____ variable.

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is the variable that is intentionally changed or manipulated by the experimenter to see what effect it has on the dependent variable. The dependent variable, on the other hand, is the variable that is being measured or observed in response to the changes made in the independent variable. The controlled variable is a variable that is kept constant or consistent throughout the experiment to prevent it from influencing the outcome. The term "causal variable" is not commonly used in experimental design.

Question 6

The type of validity that subsumes all other types of validity is

Accepted Answer

Construct validity is the most comprehensive type of validity as it includes both predictive and concurrent validity, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. Therefore, construct validity subsumes all other types of validity.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT important in evaluating a personality measure?

Accepted Answer

Manipulation is not an important factor in evaluating a personality measure as it is not related to the measurement qualities of the tool. Validity, reliability, and generalizability are critical factors in determining the accuracy and usefulness of a personality measure. The measure needs to be valid, which means that it measures what it is intended to measure, reliable, which means that it consistently measures the same thing over time, and generalizable, which means that it is applicable to different populations and contexts.

Question 8

When three measures of extraversion correlate highly with each other they can be described as having

Accepted Answer

When three measures of extraversion correlate highly with each other, they can be described as having convergent validity. This means that the measures are all assessing the same underlying construct, in this case, extraversion. Discriminant validity refers to measures that are designed to assess different constructs, while triangulated validity and inter-test validity are not commonly used terms in psychology research.

Question 9

If a measure predicts behaviors in many contexts, it has high

Accepted Answer

Generalizability refers to the extent to which a measure can predict behaviors and outcomes in different settings or populations. Therefore, a measure that predicts behaviors in many contexts has high generalizability. Discriminant validity refers to the ability of a measure to distinguish between different constructs, reliability refers to consistency of measurement, and coherence refers to the logical coherence of a measure. While these are all important aspects of measurement, they are not directly related to the ability of a measure to predict behaviors in different contexts.

Question 10

Shoe size is positively correlated with height and hand size, but not correlated with intelligence.Shoe size has _____ validity with height and hand size and _____ validity with intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Convergent validity refers to the extent to which a measure is related to other measures that it theoretically should be related to. In this case, shoe size is positively correlated with height and hand size, which makes sense due to physiological factors such as skeletal growth. Discriminant validity refers to the extent to which a measure is not related to other measures with which it should not be related. In this case, shoe size is not correlated with intelligence, indicating discriminant validity.

Question 11

In order to show that variable A causes variable B, you need to _____ variable A.

Accepted Answer

To demonstrate causation, you need to manipulate variable A to observe changes in variable B, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 12

When alternative measures of the same construct correlate highly with a test, the test can be described as having high

Accepted Answer

Convergent validity refers to the degree to which measures of the same construct are positively related to one another. Therefore, when alternative measures of the same construct correlate highly with a test, it can be described as having high convergent validity. Discriminant validity, on the other hand, refers to the degree to which measures of different constructs are negatively related to one another, whereas face validity pertains to whether a test appears to measure what it is intended to measure. Predictive validity refers to the test's ability to predict future performance or behavior, which is not specifically mentioned in the given scenario.

Question 13

In order to establish causality, participants in all conditions should be

Accepted Answer

To establish causality, participants in all conditions should be equivalent, meaning they should be alike in all relevant ways except for the variable being manipulated. This helps ensure that any observed differences can be attributed to the manipulation and not to other factors that may vary between groups. Manipulation (A) and counterbalancing (D) can also enhance the internal validity of an experiment, but equivalence is essential. Undergraduate students (C) are not necessary or sufficient for establishing causality.

Question 14

If a measure is equally valid in persons of different ages, genders and cultures, it can be described as having high

Accepted Answer

Generalizability refers to the degree to which research findings can be applied to different populations or situations. If a measure is equally valid in persons of different ages, genders and cultures, it suggests that the measure has good generalizability. Face validity refers to whether a measure appears to measure what it is intended to measure, while construct validity refers to how well a measure actually measures the construct it is intended to measure. Statistical significance refers to the likelihood of an observed result being due to chance. None of these options fully capture the idea of a measure being equally valid across different populations.

Question 15

Which of the following research methods is best suited to establishing causality?

Accepted Answer

Experimental research involves manipulating one variable (independent variable) while controlling all other variables to determine the effect on another variable (dependent variable). This allows for the establishment of causality as the independent variable is being directly manipulated and the effect on the dependent variable can be measured. Correlational research only shows a relationship between variables but cannot establish causality, while case study and historical research are more focused on describing and understanding a particular phenomenon rather than establishing causality.

Question 16

Establishing that a test does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs indicates high

Accepted Answer

Discriminant validity is demonstrated when a measure does not correlate highly with measures of unrelated constructs. Convergent validity refers to the degree to which a measure correlates with measures of similar constructs, face validity refers to whether a measure appears to measure what it is intended to measure, and dysfunctional validity is not a recognized term in the field of psychology.

Question 17

A test needs to be _____ to be a _____ test, but every _____ test is NOT NECESSARILY a _______ test.

Accepted Answer

For a test to be valid, it must be reliable, meaning it consistently measures what it is supposed to measure. However, a reliable test is not necessarily valid, as it might consistently measure something irrelevant.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the major types of research design?

Accepted Answer

The major types of research design include correlational, experimental, and case study. Physiological is not a type of research design.

Question 19

Observer ratings of narcissism correlate with the number of times individuals refer to themselves during subsequent interviews.This relationship demonstrates

Accepted Answer

This relationship demonstrates predictive validity, as observer ratings of narcissism are able to predict the behavior of referring to oneself during subsequent interviews.

Question 20

All personality variables are

Accepted Answer

Personality variables are theoretical constructs, meaning they are abstract concepts used to describe aspects of a person's personality. Although there may be some genetic influences on personality, it is not accurate to say that all personality variables are highly heritable. Additionally, not all aspects of personality are necessarily unconscious, and measuring personality with questionnaires can be complex and nuanced.

Quiz 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design