Question 1

McKenzie, age 2, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of:

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that during the stage of autonomy vs shame and doubt, children aged 1-3 are learning to do things on their own and asserting their independence. If McKenzie's attempts to be independent are met with punishment, she may develop a sense of shame and doubt about her abilities, rather than a healthy sense of autonomy.

Question 2

Identify the correct sequence of the five stages of psychosexual development described in Freud's theory of development.

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of development proposes that individuals pass through five stages of psychosexual development, which are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The correct sequence of these stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital, which is described in option B.

Question 3

Kelly responds to her infant son's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of:

Accepted Answer

By meeting her infant son's needs in a consistent and timely manner, Kelly is helping him to develop a sense of trust in the world around him. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the first stage is trust versus mistrust, which occurs during infancy. If caregivers consistently and responsively meet an infant's needs, the child develops trust in the world and feels secure in forming attachments to others. On the other hand, if caregivers are inconsistent or unresponsive, the child may develop mistrust and be less likely to form secure attachments later in life. Therefore, Kelly's actions are promoting her son's development of trust.

Question 4

The first stage in Erickson's theory is:

Accepted Answer

According to Erickson's theory, the first stage is trust versus mistrust, which occurs during infancy. This stage is focused on the development of trust and emotional security between the infant and their primary caregiver.

Question 5

Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development.

Accepted Answer

The therapist is attributing Gina's delinquent behavior to both heredity (which implies stability) and early childhood experiences (which can have lasting effects on development). This suggests a focus on the stability aspect of development.

Question 6

One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

Accepted Answer

While both Freud and Erikson recognized the importance of early experiences, Erikson extended his theory to emphasize the importance of later experiences and the ongoing process of development throughout the life-span. In contrast, Freud's theory had a greater focus on the first five years of life and the impact of early experiences on personality. Additionally, Freud's theory placed a greater emphasis on the role of sexuality in development, while Erikson's theory focused on a broader range of psychosocial factors.

Question 7

Dr. Berenstein holds the view that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. Dr. Berenstein can be described as a(n):

Accepted Answer

Dr. Berenstein's belief in the importance of analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind aligns with the psychoanalytic perspective, which emphasizes the role of unconscious thoughts and emotions in behavior and development.

Question 8

Two-year old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of:

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory, the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage occurs between the ages of 1 and 3. During this stage, children are learning to assert their independence and control over their environment. This includes saying no to things they do not want to do. It is common for children at this age to use the word "no" frequently as they explore their newfound sense of independence.

Question 9

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to:

Accepted Answer

Erikson's developmental theory consists of eight stages that last from the first year of life to late adulthood.

Question 10

Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon. Whenever he is in a relationship with a woman, he has tremendous feelings of suspicion toward his partner, and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, this is a good indication that Edwin did not successfully resolve the _____ stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience _____ in his current developmental stage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Edwin was a neglected child in his...

Question 11

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Discontinuity refers to a qualitative change, meaning there is a change in kind or essence rather than merely degree or amount. This can be applied to various fields such as science, economics, psychology, and social change.

Question 12

Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:

Accepted Answer

Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Freud's emphasis on sexual instincts was too narrow and that other aspects, such as interpersonal relationships and culture, play a more significant role in development.

Question 13

In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _____, while discontinuity implies:

Accepted Answer

Continuity in development refers to gradual change, while discontinuity implies distinct stages.

Question 14

Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in _____.

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that the crisis of initiative vs. guilt typically occurs during the preschool years, around ages 3 to 5. This stage focuses on children beginning to assert control and power over their environment through directing play and other social interactions.

Question 15

Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children that do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Perkins' statement is a testable prediction that can be proven or disproven through research, which is the definition of a hypothesis. The other choices, classifications, variables, and axioms, do not accurately describe Dr. Perkins' statement.

Question 16

_____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theories, developed by Sigmund Freud, posit that development is primarily driven by unconscious processes and heavily influenced by emotional experiences, particularly those from early childhood.

Question 17

The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the _____ theory of development.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of development is known as the psychosocial theory, which emphasizes the importance of social and cultural influences on human development.

Question 18

As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis:

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson, a crisis is not a catastrophe but rather a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. It is an opportunity for growth and development rather than a traumatic experience that leaves permanent scars.

Question 19

According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital) and the demands of reality. Each stage presents a different source of pleasure and a different conflict that needs to be resolved. Successful resolution of these conflicts leads to healthy personality development, while unsuccessful resolution can lead to fixation and unhealthy personality traits.

Question 20

Dr. Drew is a scientist interested in the effects of music on cognitive development. Which of the following describes the sequence he should go through?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Drew should first conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, and then collect data to test his hypothesis. After collecting the data, he should analyze it and draw conclusions based on the results. This follows the scientific method of forming a hypothesis and then testing it through experimentation. Therefore, option B – conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions – is the best sequence of steps for Dr. Drew to follow in his research on the effects of music on cognitive development.

Quiz 1: Introduction