Question 1

Ethan is short and thin.Although he's not very strong or athletic,he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor.According to Adler,Ethan's attempts to overcome physical weaknesses by developing strengths in other areas are an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Alfred Adler, compensation is a psychological strategy that involves overcoming perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strengths in other areas. Ethan's development of academic excellence and a sense of humor can be seen as compensating for his lack of physical prowess.

Question 2

Trait theories of personality _____.

Accepted Answer

Trait theories of personality focus on identifying personal characteristics that remain stable across situations. They believe that these traits are consistent and predictable, allowing for the development of a systematic understanding of human behavior. They do not focus on situational factors or the unconscious, and their outlook on human nature varies by theory.

Question 3

According to Rogers,we are all born with a need for _____,or a need to be liked,loved,and accepted by those around us.

Accepted Answer

According to Rogers, we are all born with a need for unconditional positive regard, which means the need to be liked, loved, and accepted by those around us without any conditions or requirements.

Question 4

Which of the following statements was made by Freud's critics on his ideas about sexuality,early experience,social factors,and the unconscious mind?

Accepted Answer

Freud's critics argued that while early experiences are important, the first five years are not as determinative of adult personality as Freud proposed.

Question 5

According to Freud,penis envy and the Oedipus complex is experienced during which of the following psychosexual stages of development?

Accepted Answer

Penis envy and the Oedipus complex are experienced during the phallic stage of development, which occurs from ages 3-6 in which children become more aware of their gender and sexual differences.

Question 6

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices.She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change.It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others.Brittney is practicing _____.

Accepted Answer

Brittney's belief in her clients' innate ability to make good choices and her focus on each individual as a person in the process of change are consistent with the humanistic approach to counseling. The other choices (trait exploration, psychoanalytic counseling, and social cognitive counseling) do not align with the specific beliefs and practices mentioned in the scenario.

Question 7

According to Jung,the deepest,impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the _____.

Accepted Answer

Jung believed in the existence of a collective unconscious, which is a layer of the unconscious mind that contains inherited instincts and archetypes shared by all humans, regardless of culture or upbringing. This is different from the personal unconscious, which contains an individual's repressed thoughts and memories. Therefore, choice C, collective unconscious, is the correct answer.

Question 8

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection,not pleasure,is thus the key motivator in human life is known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is the key motivator in human life is known as individual psychology. Humanistic theory emphasizes personal growth, trait theory focuses on identifying and measuring personality traits, and social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of individual and social factors in behavior.

Question 9

Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior.According to Rogers,Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of _____.

Accepted Answer

Ivan is being punished and only rewarded for good behavior, which suggests that his parents have set certain conditions for him to receive their love and approval. This leads to the development of conditions of worth, which are external standards that individuals feel they must meet in order to be accepted and valued by others.

Question 10

Jung used the term _____ to refer to the "feminine" side of our personality and the term _____ to refer to the "masculine" side of our personality.

Accepted Answer

Jung used the term anima to refer to the "feminine" side of our personality and the term animus to refer to the "masculine" side of our personality.

Question 11

Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____,Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is sex, as part of his psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes the importance of sexual desire as a driving force in human behavior. Karen Horney, on the other hand, believed that security was the prime motive in human existence, challenging Freud's emphasis on sexual motives and instead focusing on the importance of social relationships and cultural influences.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?

Accepted Answer

Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance and make something positive out of it. He believed in the importance of striving for superiority and overcoming feelings of inferiority through compensation. Therefore, option D is the correct choice. 
Option A is incorrect because in Adler's view, social interest, not pleasure, is the key motivator in human life. 
Option B is incorrect because anima and animus are terms used in Jung's analytical psychology to describe archetypes representing the feminine and masculine aspects of the psyche. 
Option C is incorrect because compensation is a key concept in Adler's theory, and he believed that compensation is necessary for people to achieve their goals and overcome feelings of inferiority.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a method proposed by Rogers to develop a more positive self-concept?

Accepted Answer

Rogers did not propose defense mechanisms as a method to develop a more positive self-concept. Rather, he emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness in promoting self-acceptance and growth.

Question 14

Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed in the idea of self-actualization, which suggests that each person has an innate capacity to grow and fulfill their potential. He saw the role of a therapist as providing a safe and nonjudgmental space for clients to explore their feelings and desires, rather than imposing their own judgments or interpretations. Rogers also believed that conditions of worth, or external judgments about what is valuable or worthy in a person, can interfere with a person's ability to trust and connect with their own feelings and desires. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 15

At home Carrie was moody,self-centered,and bossy.At social events,Carrie was the life of the party.She was funny,happy,and demonstrated social graces that none of her family ever saw at home.What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior?

Accepted Answer

According to Jung's theory of the persona, it is the social mask or role that we adopt in different situations. Carrie's behavior at home and social events demonstrates the contrast between her true self and the persona she adopts at parties.

Question 16

Freud's view that gender differences in personality development are due to anatomical differences between males and females was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for _____.

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney believed that cultural and environmental factors played a more significant role in personality development than anatomical differences between males and females. Therefore, she criticized Freud's view for ignoring these influences.

Question 17

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities.Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

Accepted Answer

Gladys' emphasis on personal growth and positive qualities suggests she follows the humanistic perspective, which highlights the innate goodness and potential of individuals.

Question 18

Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Alfred Adler is known for his theory of individual psychology, which emphasizes the importance of a person's desire to overcome perceived shortcomings and strive for superiority. Adler believed that people's actions and behaviors are motivated by their unique goals, which are often related to feelings of inferiority or inadequacy. Therefore, he would be most likely to endorse option C, which suggests that people are primarily motivated by their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings.

Question 19

According to Jung,the collective unconscious contains _____.

Accepted Answer

According to Jung, the collective unconscious is a storehouse of inherited unconscious information that is shared among all humans and contains archetypes, which are universal symbols and patterns that are expressed in myths, dreams, and religions. The id, positive regard, and self-actualization are concepts from Freudian and humanistic psychology, and are not associated with Jung's theory of the collective unconscious.

Question 20

According to humanistic theory,a child who receives _____ from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____,which determine the circumstances under which people approve or disapprove of themselves.

Accepted Answer

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives unconditional positive regard from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with conditions of worth, which are requirements set by others that determine the circumstances under which people approve or disapprove of themselves. This helps the child develop positive self-regard and work towards self-actualization needs. Therefore, the best choice is D - unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth.

Quiz 10: Personality