Question 1

What prompted the efforts to reform the Church from within in the eleventh and twelfth centuries?

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Question 2

The primary issue surrounding the Investiture Controversy involved

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The Investiture Controversy was primarily about the right of laymen, such as kings and nobles, to appoint bishops and other church officials, which is referred to as "investiture." This practice was challenged by the Church, which wanted to ensure that ecclesiastical appointments were made by church authorities rather than secular rulers.

Question 3

Feudalism and manorialism are often discussed as separate systems.How were they in fact closely related?

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Question 4

Contrast urban and rural life in the age of feudalism.Which offered more security? Which offered more opportunities?

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Question 5

What were the feudal, dynastic, and social repercussions of the practice of primogeniture?

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Question 6

How do the careers of Tancred de Hauteville's sons illustrate the ethos and dynamics of feudalism?

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Question 7

Based on the illustrations seen in this chapter, what roles did women play in the feudal order?

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Question 8

Describe the physical layout of the manor depicted in map 8.1.How did the typical manor incorporate the agricultural innovations of the Early Middle Ages?

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Question 9

Consider the illustrations of peasant life seen in this chapter.How affluent are the peasants pictured in these works of art?

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Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a result of the crusades?

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The establishment of permanent feudal territories in Palestine is not a result of the crusades. While the crusaders did attempt to establish and maintain control over certain territories, they were not able to establish permanent feudal territories in Palestine.

Question 11

The primary goal of papal reform was to

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The primary goal of papal reform was to free the papacy from military dependence on the German Empire. This was achieved through the establishment of the Papal States, which gave the pope political and military power independent of any secular rulers. The conflict between the papacy and the German Empire, known as the Investiture Controversy, was a major aspect of papal reform, but the ultimate goal was not to enforce lay investiture or abolish the decrees of the Concordat of Worms. Similarly, eliminating the College of Cardinals from the election of the pope or depriving Henry IV of his empire were not primary goals of papal reform.

Question 12

What were the motives behind the crusades? Evaluate their outcomes.

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Question 13

What factors led to the expansion of trade and re-urbanization of Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries?

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Question 14

How did the crusades set the stage for later developments in Europe?

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Question 15

How does the Investiture Controversy reflect both papal reform and the growth of feudal principalities?

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Question 16

The Concordat of Worms

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The Concordat of Worms, signed in 1122, resolved the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. It stipulated that the symbols of ecclesiastical offices could only be conferred by church authorities, removing the ability of lay rulers to invest bishops and abbots. This helped to establish the autonomy of the church and limit secular authority over it. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it accurately describes the agreement reached in the Concordat of Worms.

Question 17

Consider maps 8.3 and 8.5.What do you think might be the relationship between the crusades and preexisting trade routes? To what degree do you think that the Byzantine Empire had buffered Western Europe from the Islamic empire?

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Question 18

In promoting papal reform, Gregory VII (1073-1085) asserted that

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Gregory VII believed in the concept of papal supremacy, meaning that the pope had ultimate authority over all Christian rulers in spiritual matters. Therefore, he asserted that all Christian princes must answer to the pope in spiritual matters. He also opposed lay investiture, the practice of secular rulers appointing church officials, as this undermined the independence of the Church. He did not advocate for the abolition of the College of Cardinals, the legalization of simony, or involvement of emperors and kings in the election of the pope.

Question 19

Compare the reforms of Henry I to those of Charlemagne.

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Question 20

One of the reasons for the success of the First Crusade (1097-99) is

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The Seljuk Turks had not yet consolidated their rule at the time of the First Crusade, which allowed for easier military victories by the Crusaders. This weakened rule also made it easier for the Crusaders to gain support from local Christians who were eager to break free from Muslim control.

Quiz 8: Restoration of an Ordered Society