Question 1

While ignoring the independent variable,we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable.When taking the independent into account,we reduce the number of errors to 43.Therefore,

Accepted Answer

The fact that taking the independent variable into account reduces the error in predicting the dependent variable suggests that the two variables are associated. However, we cannot conclude that the independent variable is definitely a cause of the dependent variable based on this information alone. Additionally, we cannot determine the value of phi without knowing more about the nature and measurement of the variables involved.

Question 2

A state is considering legislation to establish a fifteen-day waiting period for the purchase of handguns.A sample of 392 citizens has been questioned regarding their opinions about the waiting period.Is there a relationship between sex and support for this law? Calculate percentages,Cramer's V,and lambda for the table below.Write a sentence or two assessing the strength and pattern or direction of the relationship.
 $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline & & \text { Sex } & & \
\hline & & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \
\hline \text { Support } & \text { For } & 113 & 145 & 258 \
\hline & \text { Against } & 78 & 56 & 134 \
\hline & & 191 & 201 & 392 \
\hline & & & & \

\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The answer of A state is considering legislation to establish...

Question 3

TABLE 13.1 $\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|} \hline &\text { GENDER }\ \hline\text { CHURCH ATTENDANCE } & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \ \hline \text { Attend } & 200 & 350 & 550 \ \hline \text { Don't attend } & 300 & 150 & 450 \ \hline & 500 & 500 & 1000 \ \hline \end{array}$ In Table 13.1,E₁ is

Accepted Answer

E₁ represents the total number of people who don't attend church, which is 450, as shown in the table. Therefore, the answer is B.

Question 4

Lambda compares the number of errors of prediction under two separate rules.In the first rule,the independent variable is

Accepted Answer

In the first rule, Lambda ignores the independent variable, meaning it does not take it into account when comparing the number of errors of prediction.

Question 5

According to the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE),if two variables are associated,then information about the independent variable

Accepted Answer

According to the PRE, information about the independent variable reduces the number of errors in predicting the dependent variable. However, it does not completely eliminate errors. Therefore, option A is incorrect. Option C is also incorrect as information about the independent variable does have an effect on the ability to predict the dependent variable. Option D is incorrect as it presents a false dichotomy between positive and negative relationships, and PRE applies to all types of associations between variables.

Question 6

To find E_2,

Accepted Answer

Based on the provided options, the best choice to find E_{2 and} would be to subtract the largest cell frequency in each column from the column total and then add the subtotals. This method is commonly known as the complementary method and is used to find missing frequencies in a contingency table.

Question 7

If there is no association between two variables,knowledge of the independent variable

Accepted Answer

If there is no association between two variables, knowledge of the independent variable will not improve the accuracy of our predictions, nor will it cause us to make more prediction errors. This is because without an association, there is no relationship or pattern to predict from, and therefore our predictions will be no better than chance. However, knowing the independent variable may still be useful for other purposes, such as understanding the context or underlying factors of the situation.

Question 8

TABLE 13.1 $\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|} \hline &\text { GENDER }\ \hline\text { CHURCH ATTENDANCE } & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \ \hline \text { Attend } & 200 & 350 & 550 \ \hline \text { Don't attend } & 300 & 150 & 450 \ \hline & 500 & 500 & 1000 \ \hline \end{array}$ In Table 13.1,E₂ is

Accepted Answer

The answer of TABLE 13.1
\(\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|}
\hline &\text { GENDER }\
\hline\text {...

Question 9

TABLE 13.1
$\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|}
\hline &\text { GENDER }\
\hline\text { CHURCH ATTENDANCE } & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \
\hline \text { Attend } & 200 & 350 & 550 \
\hline \text { Don't attend } & 300 & 150 & 450 \
\hline & 500 & 500 & 1000 \
\hline
\end{array}$
Lambda for Table 13.1 is

Accepted Answer

Lambda is a measure of association for nominal variables. It is calculated as (E1 - E2) / E1, where E1 is the number of errors made when predicting the dependent variable without knowing the independent variable, and E2 is the number of errors made when predicting the dependent variable knowing the independent variable. In this table, E1 = 500 (the total number of people who don't attend church), and E2 = 450 (the number of people who don't attend church when gender is known). Lambda = (500 - 450) / 500 = 0.10, which is closest to 0.22 among the given options.

Question 10

Lambda is asymmetric,which means that

Accepted Answer

Lambda is a measure of association between two variables, and it is asymmetric, meaning that it may vary depending on which variable is taken as independent. This is because it measures the proportion of cases where the dependent variable changes when the independent variable changes, but it does not take into account the reverse relationship. Therefore, the value of lambda may be different depending on which variable is considered the independent variable. None of the other options (A, B, D) accurately describe the nature of lambda.

Question 11

A bivariate table shows the association between gender and whether or not a person ever attends formal religious services.Lambda was .34.What may be concluded?

Accepted Answer

Lambda measures the strength of association between two variables, ranging from 0 (no association) to 1 (perfect association). In this case, Lambda is .34, indicating a moderate association between gender and attending formal religious services. Therefore, knowing a person's gender improves our ability to predict whether or not they attend religious services by 34%. However, Lambda does not provide information about which gender is more likely to attend church.

Question 12

For the same bivariate table,Cramer's V is .27 and lambda is zero.What can we conclude?

Accepted Answer

In this case, we can conclude that the variables may be associated even if lambda is zero. Lambda measures the strength of association between two variables based on the difference in the proportion of cases in which both variables are present, compared to the proportion of cases in which only the row variable is present. A lambda of zero indicates no association based on this measure. However, Cramer's V takes into account the size of the contingency table and can detect association even when lambda is zero. Therefore, we should disregard lambda if the row marginals are very unequal and rely on Cramer's V instead.

Question 13

Information derived from survey data that examines the relationship between the race of a person and his employment status yields a lambda of .20.This information indicates that we are ____% better off knowing race when attempting to predict employment status.

Accepted Answer

Lambda is a measure of association that indicates the proportional reduction in error when predicting one variable based on another. A lambda of .20 means that knowing the race of a person reduces the error in predicting employment status by 20%.

Question 14

When the row marginals are extremely unequal,

Accepted Answer

Lambda may be zero even though there is an association between the variables because lambda is sensitive to the distribution of the marginals and may not capture the association if the marginals are extremely unequal.

Question 15

Is there an association between support for the legalization of marijuana and age? Calculate percentages,Cramer's V,and lambda for the table below.Write a sentence or two assessing the strength and pattern or direction of the relationship.
 $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline &&\text { Age }\
\hline && \text { Less than } 35 & 35-50 & 50 \text { andOlder } & \
\hline  \text { Suppat }& \text { In Favor: } & 36 & 23 & 17 & 76 \
\hline& \text { Neutral } & 20 & 17 & 16 & 53 \
\hline &\text { Opposed } & 10 & 18 & 36 & 64 \
\hline && 66 & 58 & 69 & 193 \
\hline
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The answer of Is there an association between support for...

Question 16

Which is the correct expression for finding E₁?

Accepted Answer

The expression for finding E₁ is typically N minus the largest row total, where N is the total number of observations or elements.

Question 17

Which of the following measures of association is based on the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE)?

Accepted Answer

Lambda is a measure of association that is based on the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE), which quantifies the extent to which knowing the independent variable reduces the error in predicting the dependent variable.

Quiz 13: Association Between Variables Measured at the Nominal Level

While ignoring the independent variable,we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable.When taking the independent into account,we reduce the number of errors to 43.Therefore,

TABLE 13.1 $\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|}\hline &\text { GENDER }\\\hline\text { CHURCH ATTENDANCE } & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \\\hline \text { Attend } & 200 & 350 & 550 \\\hline \text { Don't attend } & 300 & 150 & 450 \\\hline & 500 & 500 & 1000 \\\hline\end{array}$ In Table 13.1,E₁ is

Lambda compares the number of errors of prediction under two separate rules.In the first rule,the independent variable is

According to the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE) ,if two variables are associated,then information about the independent variable

To find E_2,

If there is no association between two variables,knowledge of the independent variable

TABLE 13.1 $\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|}\hline &\text { GENDER }\\\hline\text { CHURCH ATTENDANCE } & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \\\hline \text { Attend } & 200 & 350 & 550 \\\hline \text { Don't attend } & 300 & 150 & 450 \\\hline & 500 & 500 & 1000 \\\hline\end{array}$ In Table 13.1,E₂ is

TABLE 13.1 $\begin{array}{l|l|l|l|}\hline &\text { GENDER }\\\hline\text { CHURCH ATTENDANCE } & \text { Male } & \text { Female } & \\\hline \text { Attend } & 200 & 350 & 550 \\\hline \text { Don't attend } & 300 & 150 & 450 \\\hline & 500 & 500 & 1000 \\\hline\end{array}$ Lambda for Table 13.1 is

Lambda is asymmetric,which means that

A bivariate table shows the association between gender and whether or not a person ever attends formal religious services.Lambda was .34.What may be concluded?

For the same bivariate table,Cramer's V is .27 and lambda is zero.What can we conclude?

Information derived from survey data that examines the relationship between the race of a person and his employment status yields a lambda of .20.This information indicates that we are ____% better off knowing race when attempting to predict employment status.

When the row marginals are extremely unequal,

Which is the correct expression for finding E₁?

Which of the following measures of association is based on the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE) ?

Quiz 13: Association Between Variables Measured at the Nominal Level

While ignoring the independent variable,we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable.When taking the independent into account,we reduce the number of errors to 43.Therefore,

Lambda compares the number of errors of prediction under two separate rules.In the first rule,the independent variable is

According to the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE) ,if two variables are associated,then information about the independent variable

To find E2,

If there is no association between two variables,knowledge of the independent variable

Lambda is asymmetric,which means that

A bivariate table shows the association between gender and whether or not a person ever attends formal religious services.Lambda was .34.What may be concluded?

For the same bivariate table,Cramer's V is .27 and lambda is zero.What can we conclude?

Information derived from survey data that examines the relationship between the race of a person and his employment status yields a lambda of .20.This information indicates that we are ____% better off knowing race when attempting to predict employment status.

When the row marginals are extremely unequal,

Which is the correct expression for finding E1?

Which of the following measures of association is based on the logic of proportional reduction of error (PRE) ?

To find E_2,

Which is the correct expression for finding E₁?