If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization,he or she is said to be:

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According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, individuals who are not at the level of self-actualization are motivated by a deficiency or lack of something they need. This includes basic physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, and esteem needs. These individuals are also described as having need-directed perception, meaning their perception and understanding of the world around them are influenced by their unmet needs. Therefore, both deficiency motivation and need-directed perception apply to individuals not functioning at the level of self-actualization.

If a Person Is Functioning at Any Level Other Than