Question 1

The kidneys regulate the plasma concentrations of water,sodium,and glucose.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The kidneys regulate the plasma concentrations of...

Question 2

The anatomic arrangement of nephrons in the kidneys is such that the glomerulus,proximal tubule,and distal convoluted tubule are in the renal cortex,while the loop of Henle and collecting ducts lie mainly in the renal medulla.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The nephrons in the kidneys are located in the renal cortex and renal medulla, with the glomerulus, proximal tubule, and distal convoluted tubule all located in the renal cortex, while the loop of Henle and collecting ducts are found mainly in the renal medulla.

Question 3

A consequence of lack of vasopressin is excretion of sugar in the urine,diabetes mellitus.

Accepted Answer

Lack of vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH) can lead to excess urination and dehydration, but does not directly result in the excretion of sugar in urine or the development of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is typically caused by impaired insulin secretion or function, resulting in high blood sugar levels that overwhelm the kidneys' ability to reabsorb all glucose in the urine.

Question 4

In healthy individuals,the amount of glucose present in urine will be always be nil because the amount of glucose reabsorption to the blood prevents this.

Accepted Answer

Glucose is normally completely reabsorbed in the kidneys and does not appear in the urine of healthy individuals. Therefore, the amount of glucose in urine will always be nil in healthy individuals.

Question 5

Only substances that are filtered by the kidneys can be excreted by them.

Accepted Answer

The kidneys can excrete substances that are not filtered by them through processes such as tubular secretion, where substances are actively transported from the blood into the tubular fluid.

Question 6

The three basic processes of kidney function are filtration from the glomerulus to the capsule,secretion from the tubule to the peritubular capillaries,and reabsorption from the capillaries into the tubular lumen.

Accepted Answer

The three basic processes of kidney function are filtration from the glomerulus to the capsule, reabsorption from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillaries, and secretion from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen.

Question 7

Water,sodium,and glucose all undergo tubular reabsorption,but urea does not.

Accepted Answer

Urea undergoes tubular reabsorption to a certain extent in the nephron's collecting ducts.

Question 8

The distal convoluted tubules drain into the renal pelvis,which in turn drains into the ureter,a tube that carries urine to the bladder.

Accepted Answer

The distal convoluted tubules drain into the collecting ducts, which then drain into the renal pelvis. The renal pelvis then drains into the ureter, which carries urine to the bladder.

Question 9

Most of the body's water is located inside cells,whereas most of the body's sodium ion is in the interstitial fluid and plasma.

Accepted Answer

This is true. Approximately two-thirds of the body's water is located inside cells, while one-third is in the interstitial fluid and plasma. Sodium ion, on the other hand, is primarily found in the interstitial fluid and plasma.

Question 10

If water intake (ingestion)is decreased,the kidney can decrease the amount of water excreted in urine by increasing the amount of water reabsorbed at the renal corpuscle.

Accepted Answer

The kidney primarily adjusts water excretion by altering water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, not at the renal corpuscle. The renal corpuscle is involved in the initial filtration of blood, not the selective reabsorption of water.

Question 11

The countercurrent mechanism of the kidney allows for the formation of hypertonic urine.

Accepted Answer

The countercurrent mechanism refers to the process of fluid moving in opposite directions in adjacent tubules of the nephron, which helps to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. This concentration gradient allows the kidney to reabsorb water from the urine and produce a hypertonic (highly concentrated) urine.

Question 12

The filtered load of water is 180 L/day.

Accepted Answer

The statement simply provides information about the filtered load of water and does not require any evaluation. Therefore, the answer is True (A).

Question 13

Total-body balance of water and sodium ion is largely maintained by regulating urinary loss of these molecules.

Accepted Answer

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of water and sodium ion in the body by regulating their excretion through urine. When there is too much water in the body, the kidneys can produce more dilute urine to get rid of the excess water. When there is too little water, the kidneys can conserve water by producing more concentrated urine. Similarly, when there is too much sodium ion in the body, the kidneys can excrete more sodium ion to maintain balance, and when there is too little sodium ion, they can conserve it by decreasing its excretion. Therefore, it is true that the regulation of urinary loss of water and sodium ion is a critical mechanism for maintaining total-body balance.

Question 14

The spinal reflex for micturition involves stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder that send messages about distension to sympathetic,parasympathetic,and motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Accepted Answer

The reflex for micturition involves stretch receptors in the bladder wall sending messages to sympathetic, parasympathetic, and motor neurons in the spinal cord. This leads to the coordination of the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter and the contraction of the detrusor muscle for urination to occur.

Question 15

The walls of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle are freely permeable to water.

Accepted Answer

The walls of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle are impermeable to water, which allows for the concentration of urine as it ascends from the loop.

Question 16

Large amounts of protein in a person's urine indicate that the person is eating a high-protein diet.

Accepted Answer

Large amounts of protein in a person's urine can indicate kidney damage or disease, not necessarily a high-protein diet.

Question 17

Water movement passively follows the active transport of sodium into the interstitial fluid outside the tubule,where both kinds of molecules then diffuse into the peritubular capillaries.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Water movement passively follows the active transport...

Question 18

Voluntary control of micturition involves controlling motor input to the muscles of the external urethral sphincter.

Accepted Answer

Voluntary control of micturition does involve controlling motor input to the muscles of the external urethral sphincter. This control is important in maintaining continence and allowing for coordinated voiding of the bladder.

Question 19

A person lacking vasopressin would have to drink up to 180 L of water per day to make up for the water lost in the urine.

Accepted Answer

A person lacking vasopressin, which regulates water retention in the kidneys, would experience increased urine output, but not to the extent of needing to drink 180 liters of water per day. The condition, known as diabetes insipidus, typically results in the need to drink around 10-20 liters per day.

Question 20

The concentration of water in the extracellular fluid is dependent upon the concentration of sodium in the extracellular fluid.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The concentration of water in the extracellular...

Quiz 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions