Question 1

_____ is a positive externality from R&D resulting from the spread of knowledge across organizational or regional boundaries.
A) Technological discombobulation
B) Technological determinism
C) Technological spillover
D) Technological dissonance

Accepted Answer

Technological spillover is a positive externality resulting from R&D where knowledge spreads across organizational or regional boundaries. This can lead to new innovations and technological advancements beyond the original organization that conducted the R&D.

Question 2

What are the most important intellectual abilities for creative thinking? What is the impact of knowledge on creativity?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the most important intellectual abilities...

Question 3

The demand-pull approach to research and development refers to research and development that:
A) focuses on developing products that are expected to increase demand in a particular market segment.
B) begins by examining the outcomes of the firm's basic research and the potential commercial applications that may be constructed from those outcomes.
C) focuses on developing products that are expected to decrease the demand for their substitute products.
D) originates as a response to the specific problems or suggestions of customers.

Accepted Answer

Demand-pull R&D is driven by customer needs or market demands, responding to specific problems or suggestions from customers.

Question 4

In 2001,Shanghai's municipal government set aside 13 square kilometers of land near the Huangpu River for university laboratories and start-up firms in microelectronics,digital technology,and life sciences.The project aimed to foster research in microelectronics,the development of a technologically advanced labor pool,and the creation of new industries in Shanghai.This project would be best termed a _____.
A) complementor
B) strategic unit
C) science park
D) free trade area

Accepted Answer

The description of the project fits the definition of a science park, which is a designated area for research and development in science and technology, with the aim of promoting innovation, collaboration and commercialization. Choices A, B, and D are not appropriate because they do not accurately describe the nature of the project.

Question 5

Organizations that manufacture products such as light bulbs for lamps or DVDs for DVD players are examples of _____.
A) moderators
B) lead users
C) complementors
D) incubators

Accepted Answer

Organizations that manufacture products that enhance or complement other products are known as complementors. Light bulbs and DVDs are examples of products that complement lamps and DVD players, respectively. Moderators facilitate communication and discussions between users, lead users are innovative users who create new products and solutions, and incubators support and mentor startups.

Question 6

In the context of government-funded research,explain the term incubator.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Explain the terms basic research and applied research.

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

_____ is the ability of an organization to recognize,assimilate,and utilize new knowledge.
A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Absorptive capacity
C) Organizational obsolescence
D) Built-in obsolescence

Accepted Answer

The term "absorptive capacity" refers to an organization's ability to recognize, assimilate and utilize new knowledge. It is a crucial concept in knowledge management and innovation, as it determines an organization's ability to learn and adapt to changes in its environment. Cognitive dissonance refers to the psychological discomfort caused by holding conflicting beliefs or values. Organizational obsolescence refers to the state of being out of date or ineffective due to changes in the environment. Built-in obsolescence refers to the intentional design of products or systems with a limited lifespan or usefulness.

Question 9

The president of Mountain Home University has been asked by the board of trustees to set up a separate unit to facilitate the commercialization of technology developed by the research students at the university.Such a unit is typically called a _____.
A) strategic business unit
B) commercialization office
C) technology transfer office
D) science park

Accepted Answer

A technology transfer office is specifically designed to act as an intermediary between research institutions and businesses interested in commercializing those institutions' technologies. They typically manage patent applications, licensing agreements, and other legal and financial aspects of technology transfer. Choice A, "strategic business unit," refers to a distinct business unit within a larger organization that operates with its own strategy and budget. Choice B, "commercialization office," is not a commonly used term and does not accurately describe the specific function of a technology transfer office. Choice D, "science park," typically refers to a physical location where companies, particularly those in the tech industry, are located in close proximity to academic and research institutions. While some technology transfer offices may be located within a science park, they are not one and the same.

Question 10

Regional districts,typically set up by government,to foster R&D collaboration between government,universities,and private firms are called _____.
A) technological trajectories
B) free trade areas
C) complementors
D) science parks

Accepted Answer

Science parks are typically set up by government to encourage collaboration and innovation between government, universities, and private firms through R&D activities. These parks provide a physical space for various organizations to come together and work towards a common goal of fostering innovation and economic growth.

Question 11

_____ are regional groups of firms that have a connection to a common technology and may engage in buyer,supplier,and complementor relationships,as well as research collaboration.
A) Technology transfer offices
B) Technology incubators
C) Strategic business units
D) Technology clusters

Accepted Answer

Technology clusters are regional groups of firms connected to a common technology, which can engage in various relationships such as buyer-supplier and complementor, as well as research collaboration. Technology transfer offices are entities that facilitate the transfer of technology from one organization to another, technology incubators provide resources and support for start-up companies, and strategic business units are semi-autonomous divisions within a larger corporation. These concepts are related to technology and business, but they do not specifically refer to regional groups of firms with common technology connections.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of interfirm collaborative research and development networks?
A) Collaborative research networks are not important or viable in high-technology sectors.
B) Interfirm networks can enable firms to achieve much more than they could achieve individually.
C) The flow of information and other resources through a network is independent of the network's size.
D) Information diffusion is fairly slow and limited in collaborative research networks with dense structures and many paths for information to travel.

Accepted Answer

Interfirm collaborative research and development networks can enable firms to achieve much more than they could achieve individually. Such networks allow sharing of knowledge, resources, and expertise, leading to faster innovation and more efficient use of resources. Thus, interfirm networks are important for firms to stay competitive in high-technology sectors. The size and structure of the network can also affect the flow of information and resources, with more dense structures and many paths for information leading to faster diffusion.

Question 13

The benefits firms reap by locating in close geographical proximity to each other are known collectively as _____.
A) agglomeration economies
B) incubator economies
C) virtual economies
D) shadow economies

Accepted Answer

Agglomeration economies refer to the benefits that firms gain by being located in close proximity to each other. These benefits include access to a larger labor market, easier access to suppliers and customers, knowledge spillovers, and lower transportation costs.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of geographical clustering?
A) The proximity of many competitors serving a local market leads to competition that increases their pricing power in their relationships with both buyers and suppliers.
B) Close proximity of firms eliminates the likelihood of a firm's competitors gaining access to the firm's proprietary knowledge.
C) Clustering invariably leads to lower concentration of pollution and inordinately low housing costs.
D) Proximate firms have an advantage in sharing information that can lead to greater innovation productivity.

Accepted Answer

Proximate firms have an advantage in sharing information that can lead to greater innovation productivity. This is because they can easily exchange ideas and knowledge, which can lead to the development of new products and processes. This is one of the key advantages of geographical clustering. Option A is incorrect because competition can actually reduce pricing power, as firms may need to lower prices to compete for customers. Option B is incorrect because proximity does not necessarily prevent competitors from gaining access to proprietary knowledge. Option C is incorrect because clustering can sometimes lead to higher pollution levels and higher housing costs, particularly in areas where demand for housing is high.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true about the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980?
A) It made university technology transfer activities illegal and unethical.
B) It allowed universities to collect royalties on inventions funded with taxpayer dollars.
C) It restricted provision of patents for inventions developed at universities.
D) It made investment in research and technology mandatory for public companies.

Accepted Answer

The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 allowed universities and other non-profit institutions to retain ownership of inventions made with federal funding and to license them to private companies. This resulted in universities being able to collect royalties on these inventions, promoting more collaboration between universities and industry and increasing the commercialization of research. The act did not make university technology transfer illegal or unethical, nor did it restrict provision of patents for inventions developed at universities. It also did not mandate investment in research and technology for public companies.

Question 16

Institutions designed to nurture the development of new businesses that might otherwise lack access to adequate funding or advices are called _____.
A) complementors
B) research collaboration offices
C) incubators
D) technology clusters

Accepted Answer

Institutions designed to nurture the development of new businesses that might otherwise lack access to adequate funding or advice are called incubators. Choice A refers to companies that provide complementary products or services, choice B refers to offices that facilitate research collaborations, and choice D refers to geographical areas that have a concentration of technology companies.

Question 17

Explain the concept of technology spillovers.What are the factors affecting the likelihood of technological spillovers?

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

_____ are individuals or organizations that transfer information from one domain to another in which it can be usefully applied.
A) Knowledge brokers
B) Incubation workers
C) Complementors
D) Category captains

Accepted Answer

Knowledge brokers are individuals or organizations that specialize in transferring knowledge from one domain to another, making it applicable and useful in different contexts. They have expertise in a particular field and help connect those who have knowledge with those who need it. Incubation workers are individuals who support startups in their early stages, providing resources and guidance. Complementors are entities that offer products or services that enhance or supplement another company's offerings. Category captains are companies that lead the sales and marketing efforts for a particular category or product within a retailer.

Question 19

What are some of the downsides to geographical clustering?

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

A variety of rice created by Biocrop Inc.through recombinant DNA technology was found to be rich in both carbohydrates and proteins.After the success of this rice variety,recombinant DNA technology was implemented by less-developed countries to increase the nutrient levels of fruits,pulses,and greens in order to feed their malnourished children.This is an example of _____.
A) technological dissonance
B) technological spillover
C) technological retardation
D) technological determinism

Accepted Answer

This is an example of technological spillover, where a technology developed in one context spills over to another context, in this case from a developed country to less-developed countries to address malnutrition.

Quiz 2: Sources of Innovation

_____ is a positive externality from R&D resulting from the spread of knowledge across organizational or regional boundaries.

What are the most important intellectual abilities for creative thinking? What is the impact of knowledge on creativity?

The demand-pull approach to research and development refers to research and development that:

Organizations that manufacture products such as light bulbs for lamps or DVDs for DVD players are examples of _____.

In the context of government-funded research,explain the term incubator.

Explain the terms basic research and applied research.

_____ is the ability of an organization to recognize,assimilate,and utilize new knowledge.

The president of Mountain Home University has been asked by the board of trustees to set up a separate unit to facilitate the commercialization of technology developed by the research students at the university.Such a unit is typically called a _____.

Regional districts,typically set up by government,to foster R&D collaboration between government,universities,and private firms are called _____.

_____ are regional groups of firms that have a connection to a common technology and may engage in buyer,supplier,and complementor relationships,as well as research collaboration.

Which of the following is true of interfirm collaborative research and development networks?

The benefits firms reap by locating in close geographical proximity to each other are known collectively as _____.

Which of the following statements is true of geographical clustering?

Which of the following statements is true about the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980?

Institutions designed to nurture the development of new businesses that might otherwise lack access to adequate funding or advices are called _____.

Explain the concept of technology spillovers.What are the factors affecting the likelihood of technological spillovers?

_____ are individuals or organizations that transfer information from one domain to another in which it can be usefully applied.

What are some of the downsides to geographical clustering?