Question 1

Jet lag may be best explained by the

Accepted Answer

Jet lag is a disruption of the circadian rhythm caused by a rapid shift in time zones. The body's internal clock, which is controlled by the circadian rhythm, becomes out of sync with the new time zone, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, insomnia, and gastrointestinal problems.

Question 2

Your friend Helen just started working the night shift at the post office.This change in her work hours

Accepted Answer

Working the night shift can disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythms, leading to sleep disturbances and increased stress levels. Chronic sleep deprivation and stress have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, among other health problems. Therefore, Helen may be at increased risk for heart disease due to her change in work hours. Option A is incorrect because cortisol levels actually tend to be higher at night, so the change in work hours may not necessarily lead to a decrease. Option B is speculative and not well supported by evidence. Option D is not necessarily true and depends on various factors, including Helen's lifestyle, schedule, and individual sleep needs.

Question 3

When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids.It is likely that he is

Accepted Answer

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a stage of sleep where the eyes move back and forth rapidly under the eyelids. This stage of sleep is commonly associated with dreaming, so it is likely that the child is in REM sleep.

Question 4

The biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is called

Accepted Answer

The biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is called circadian rhythm. This is a 24-hour cycle that is controlled by our internal biological clock, which is affected by factors such as light, temperature, and hormones. The circadian rhythm regulates our sleep patterns, and disruptions to this rhythm can lead to sleep disorders such as insomnia, jet lag, and shift work disorder.

Question 5

_____ is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves, whereas _____ are characterized by delta waves.

Accepted Answer

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves, while stage 3 and stage 4 sleep are characterized by delta waves.

Question 6

Insomnia is a disorder involving

Accepted Answer

Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early. It is a sleep disorder that can affect a person's quality of life and overall health.

Question 7

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is initiated by a rise in acetylcholine, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive. Serotonin and norepinephrine levels decrease during REM sleep, and cortisol levels tend to be highest in the morning, not during REM sleep.

Question 8

Betty has dissociative identity disorder.Dr.Harper hypnotizes her to interact with the other personalities that she exhibits as a result of her condition.Betty is most likely

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis is often associated with a trance-like state, and individuals who are hypnotized are said to be in an altered state of consciousness. Therefore, Betty is most likely in an altered state of consciousness while interacting with her various personalities during hypnosis.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of a night's sleep?

Accepted Answer

Deep sleep is more prominent in the first half of the night's sleep, and then it gradually decreases as the night progresses. This is why people usually feel more rested and alert when they get a full night's sleep. Option A is incorrect because individuals spend about 50% of sleep in light sleep. Option B is incorrect because REM sleep becomes more dominant in the second half of the night. Option D is incorrect because REM sleep occurs mainly during the later stages of sleep, not during stage 1.

Question 10

Sleep spindles are defining characteristic of _____ sleep.

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles are a defining characteristic of stage 2 sleep, which is the stage that follows stage 1 and precedes stage 3. The other stages do not typically exhibit sleep spindles.

Question 11

Losing one's sense of self-consciousness and hallucinating specifically during the use of drugs exemplifies

Accepted Answer

Losing one's sense of self-consciousness and hallucinating are characteristic of altered states of consciousness, which can often be induced by drug use. Daydreaming and automatic processes do not typically involve a loss of self-consciousness, and subconscious awareness is not a recognized psychological state.

Question 12

It is the end of the month and Cindy has several bills yet to pay, but she does not have much money left.She spends most of the day thinking how she is going to make the payments.Later, while watching TV, she finds a solution to her problem.Cindy is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

Cindy is demonstrating incubation, which refers to the idea of stepping back from a problem and allowing the mind to process it unconsciously, leading to sudden insights or solutions. In this scenario, Cindy spent most of the day consciously thinking about her problem, but it wasn't until later while watching TV that her mind unconsciously processed and found a solution.

Question 13

Sleeping would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness?

Accepted Answer

Sleeping is considered subconscious awareness because it involves processes that occur without conscious thought, such as dreaming and certain bodily functions.

Question 14

Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to

Accepted Answer

Staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to lead to decreased memory performance. Research has consistently shown that sleep is essential for memory consolidation, and a lack of sleep can impair memory retrieval and decision-making abilities. Additionally, sleep deprivation can negatively impact overall cognitive functioning, which can further reduce test scores.

Question 15

Helen, a call center employee working in day shift, has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday.During her night shift, Hannah falls asleep at her desk around midnight.Which of the following can best explain her behavior?

Accepted Answer

Helen's body is used to being awake during the day and asleep at night due to the regular day shift schedule she works. Working a night shift on Tuesday disrupts her biological clock, which can cause fatigue and make it difficult to stay awake during the night shift.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which dreaming is common. The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming. Rapid eye movement is characteristic of REM sleep, hence option A and C are incorrect. The EEG pattern for REM sleep is closer to that of wakefulness, with rapid and irregular electrical activity, hence option D is also incorrect.

Question 17

Compared with to dreams that occur during the REM stage, those that occur during the non-REM stage are

Accepted Answer

Dreams that occur during the non-REM stage are often less vivid and less emotional than those that occur during REM sleep. Non-REM dreams tend to be shorter and less narrative, with fewer characters and less coherent storylines. They often involve memory consolidation and processing of daytime experiences, rather than the elaborate, bizarre scenarios that are characteristic of REM dreams.

Question 18

The _____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.

Accepted Answer

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark, which is also known as the circadian rhythm. The cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination and balance, the prefrontal cortex is associated with executive functions such as decision-making and planning, and the corpus callosum is a structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

Question 19

Which of the following would be an example of no awareness or an "unconscious" state of mind?

Accepted Answer

Being anesthetized is an example of no awareness or an "unconscious" state of mind, as it involves a lack of consciousness and awareness of the environment.

Question 20

While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake.She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals.Lea is in

Accepted Answer

Lea's reclining and short jerking movements suggest that she has entered the initial stage of sleep, called stage 1. This stage is characterized by the onset of drowsiness and a decrease in muscle activity, which can cause the body to jerk slightly. Stage 1 tends to last only a few minutes and is easy to be awakened from.

Quiz 4: States of Consciousness