Question 1

In terms of stability and change in personality,the greatest change is likely to occur in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In terms of stability and change in...

Question 2

Which of the following Big Five personality factors describes an individual as either self-satisfied or self-pitying?

Accepted Answer

Neuroticism refers to the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, and irritability. Individuals high in neuroticism may be prone to self-pity and may feel dissatisfied with themselves and their lives.

Question 3

In a large scale study that examined stability and change in personality traits,participants in the study were better at estimating changes in their own personality from the:

Accepted Answer

The study found that participants were more accurate at estimating changes in their personality from the past than from the present or future. This could be because it is easier to recall and compare one's personality traits from the past than to estimate current or future changes.

Question 4

Regarding stability and change in personality traits,the old view proposed that stability in personality sets in at about the age of:

Accepted Answer

The old view proposed that stability in personality traits sets in at about the age of 30. This means that most people reach a level of stability in their personalities by their thirties and are less likely to undergo significant changes in their traits after that age. However, recent research suggests that personality traits can continue to change throughout one's life span, although the magnitude of change tends to be smaller in later years.

Question 5

Vaillant's research showed that at age 50,the best predictors of who would be dead at 75 to 80 years of age were:

Accepted Answer

Vaillant's research identified alcohol abuse and smoking as the best predictors of mortality by the age of 75 to 80, highlighting the significant impact of these lifestyle choices on long-term health.

Question 6

According to the Big Five factors of personality,which of the following personality supertrait describes whether an individual is either secure or insecure?

Accepted Answer

Neuroticism refers to the degree of emotional instability or stability an individual has. Those who score high in neuroticism tend to be more insecure, anxious, and prone to negative emotions. Therefore, neuroticism is the personality supertrait that describes whether an individual is either secure or insecure.

Question 7

Which one of the big five personality traits was NOT linked to improved self-rated health?

Accepted Answer

Neuroticism was not linked to improved self-rated health, whereas the other four traits (agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness) were found to be associated with better health outcomes.

Question 8

Factors at age 50 that were linked with being in the "happy-well" group at age 75 to 80 years of age included all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Factors at age 50 that were linked...

Question 9

According to the Big Five factors of personality,which of the following personality supertrait describes a person as either helpful or uncooperative?

Accepted Answer

Agreeableness is the supertrait that describes a person as being either helpful or uncooperative. People who score high in agreeableness tend to be cooperative, empathetic, and compassionate, while those who score low may be argumentative, stubborn, and critical. Conscientiousness refers to a person's level of organization and responsibility, openness to a person's openness to new experiences, and extraversion to a person's level of social interaction and energy.

Question 10

The _____ model of personality development states that with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality.

Accepted Answer

The cumulative personality model describes how personality develops over time as individuals accumulate life experiences and become more proficient at navigating their environment. The other options (conditioning, reciprocity, and social learning) all focus on specific mechanisms by which personality might develop or change, rather than on the overall trajectory of personality growth.

Question 11

According to recent studies,decreases in neuroticism are associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The reduction in neuroticism is associated with decreased levels of stress, not increased stress. Therefore, option B is incorrect. Options A, C, and D are correct as reduced neuroticism leads to better health, improvements in cognitive functioning, and better achievement.

Question 12

Across a 10-year period,which of the following Big Five personality factors did NOT predict health outcomes involving physical health,blood pressure,and number of days limited at work or home due to physical health factors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Across a 10-year period,which of the following...

Question 13

According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies,_____ in middle age was more strongly related than intimacy to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age.

Accepted Answer

Vaillant's study showed that generativity, or a sense of contributing to future generations, was more strongly related than intimacy to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age. Stagnation, autonomy, and traditional gender roles were not found to be significant predictors in this context.

Question 14

Identify the supertrait that encompasses traits such as soft-hearted,trusting,and helpful,according to Big Five factors of personality.

Accepted Answer

The supertrait that encompasses traits such as soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful is Agreeableness. This trait is one of the five factors of personality in the Big Five model. People with high levels of Agreeableness tend to be more cooperative, empathetic, and considerate of others. They prioritize social harmony and are more likely to help others when needed.

Question 15

One study by Sharp & others revealed that _____ was related to superior cognitive functioning and IQ across the life span.

Accepted Answer

The study by Sharp & others found that openness was related to superior cognitive functioning and IQ across the life span. This means that individuals who scored high on openness tended to have higher cognitive abilities and intelligence. The other personality traits (agreeableness, extraversion, and neuroticism) were not found to be significantly related to cognitive functioning and IQ in this study.

Question 16

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies,which of the following characteristics generally changed the most across time for the adult?

Accepted Answer

Research from the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies has found that nurturance or hostility tend to change the most across time in adults, with many individuals becoming less hostile and more nurturing as they age. Intellectual orientation, openness to experience, and self-confidence also tend to change across time but not to the same extent as nurturance or hostility.

Question 17

Middle-aged Americans agree that a major component of their well-being involves:

Accepted Answer

Positive relationships are often considered a major component of well-being for middle-aged individuals, as they provide emotional support and contribute to overall life satisfaction.

Question 18

Most research studies indicate that the greatest change in personality traits occurs in:

Accepted Answer

Most research studies indicate that the greatest change in personality traits occurs in early adulthood, particularly between the ages of 20 and 40. This is when individuals are experiencing major life events such as completing education, starting a career, and forming long-term relationships. These experiences can have a significant impact on personality development.

Question 19

The results from an 18-year longitudinal study revealed that the longevity gap between African-American and non-Latino white men is linked to:

Accepted Answer

The study found that non-Latino white men had higher marriage rates, which was linked to their longer lifespan compared to African-American men.

Question 20

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies,which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for the adult?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies,which of the...

Quiz 14: Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood