Question 1

Dr.Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring.He is arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Nasrin is specifically discussing the association between behavior and consequence, which is a key aspect of operant conditioning. Stimulus conditioning involves associations between a stimulus and a response, while classical conditioning involves associations between a neutral stimulus and a reflexive response. Cognitive conditioning refers to the use of conscious thought processes to modify behavior, which is not mentioned in the prompt. Therefore, the best answer is B.

Question 2

A recent television documentary concluded that,from birth,girls are more nurturing than are boys.You agree with this because you believe nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations,because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species.Your view reflects the _____ perspective of development.

Accepted Answer

The view that nurturing behaviors are evolutionary traits passed down through generations is reflective of the ethological perspective of development, which emphasizes the role of genetics and biology in shaping behavior. This view is commonly associated with the work of evolutionary psychologists. Ideological, clinical, and theological perspectives would not necessarily focus on evolutionary explanations for behaviors.

Question 3

Professor Vaugn believes that while individual theories are adequate to explain various elements of our physical,cognitive,and psychosocial development,no single theory is adequate to explain all facets of human development.Professor Vaugn believes in the ______ theoretical orientation.

Accepted Answer

Professor Vaugn's belief that no single theory can fully explain all facets of human development suggests an eclectic theoretical orientation, which draws from multiple theories and perspectives to gain a comprehensive understanding of human development.

Question 4

Dr.Alondro is an information-processing psychologist,thus he is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Information-processing psychologists emphasize that individuals manipulate, monitor and strategize about information. This suggests that Dr. Alondro is most likely to belong to this category of psychologists.

Question 5

The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.

Accepted Answer

The exosystem consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. The microsystem refers to the immediate environments in which an individual interacts on a daily basis, the mesosystem refers to interconnections between different microsystems, and the macrosystem refers to the larger cultural context in which the other systems are embedded.

Question 6

The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.

Accepted Answer

The macrosystem refers to the culture in which individuals live. It encompasses the larger societal context, including values, laws, social policies, and cultural beliefs.

Question 7

B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist; as such he would argue that the most important things that shape development are:

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner believed that behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it, specifically through rewards and punishments. According to him, positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, while punishment decreases the likelihood. Therefore, rewards and punishments are the most important things that shape development according to Skinner.

Question 8

In Lorenz's view,imprinting needs to take place at a certain,very early time in the life of the animal,or else it will not take place.This period of time is called the:

Accepted Answer

Lorenz believed that imprinting can only occur within a certain critical period, usually soon after hatching or birth. This period is a specific window of time during which the young animal is most receptive to learning from its environment and forming attachments to specific individuals or objects.

Question 9

The belief that no single theory of development is adequate to explain the rich complexity of life-span development reflects the _____ theoretical orientation.

Accepted Answer

An eclectic theoretical orientation involves borrowing from various theories and approaches to better understand a phenomenon. In the case of life-span development, an eclectic approach acknowledges that no single theory can fully capture the complexity of the human experience across the lifespan. Instead, different theories may be useful for different aspects of development and for different individuals.

Question 10

Nellie,3,bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day.How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?

Accepted Answer

Skinner's concept of operant conditioning involves using reinforcement to increase desired behaviors and punishment to decrease unwanted behaviors. In this case, rewarding Nellie when she doesn't bang her head would be a positive reinforcement for her, while punishing the head-banging behavior would be a form of negative reinforcement. This approach would help to increase the likelihood of Nellie repeating the desired behavior (not banging her head) in order to receive the reward.

Question 11

Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize:

Accepted Answer

Behavioral and social cognitive theories both stress the idea that development is a continuous process. They focus on the environmental factors and interactions with others in shaping behavior and cognition over time. These theories differ from stage theories, which propose that development occurs in distinct, discontinuous stages.

Question 12

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s)cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's theory, known as sociocultural theory, emphasizes the role of culture and social interaction in shaping cognitive development. According to Vygotsky, learning occurs through social interaction and language. Culture provides the tools and symbols that children use to make sense of the world, and social interaction with more knowledgeable others (such as parents, teachers, and peers) allows children to build on their existing knowledge and skills. Therefore, culture and social interaction play a crucial role in Vygotsky's theory.

Question 13

Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment,development,or phylogeny occurs.He further believes that there are critical periods that have also been selected for.He is most likely taking a(n)_____ approach.

Accepted Answer

Fernando's emphasis on critical periods and adaptation suggests that he is taking an ethological approach. Ethology is the study of animal behavior in relation to evolution and adaptation, and it emphasizes the role of genetic and instinctual factors in shaping behavior during critical periods of development. The other answer choices are less relevant to Fernando's perspective.

Question 14

The microgenetic method focuses on

Accepted Answer

The microgenetic method is a research technique that involves direct observation of the cognitive processes involved in how individuals acquire knowledge or develop particular skills over a short period of time. This method is often used in child development research to understand how children learn and how their cognitive abilities change over time. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Options B, C, and D are not related to the microgenetic method.

Question 15

Danny's mother is even-tempered,fair,and tactful.Seeing this,Danny,too,is growing up to be a polite,good-natured boy.This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, also known as modeling or vicarious learning, is the idea that individuals can learn new behaviors by observing others and the consequences of their behaviors. In this case, Danny is learning to be polite and good-natured by observing his mother's behavior and its positive outcomes.

Question 16

Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course,as well as sociohistorical circumstances?

Accepted Answer

The chronosystem is the system that consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances. This system recognizes that individuals and environments are constantly changing over time and that these changes can have a significant impact on development.

Question 17

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory,a person's family,peers,school,and neighborhood constitute his/her:

Accepted Answer

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood are part of their microsystem. The microsystem refers to the immediate environment that a person interacts with on a daily basis and includes the people and institutions that have a direct impact on them. Other systems mentioned in the theory are mesosystem (relationships and interactions between microsystems), chronosystem (changes that occur over time), and macrosystem (cultural values, laws, and customs). However, the question specifically mentions family, peers, school, and neighborhood, which are all part of the microsystem.

Question 18

The _____ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.

Accepted Answer

The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts. The other options are:
A) Metasystem - refers to the overarching cultural patterns and belief systems
C) Chronosystem - refers to the role of historical context and time in development
D) Macrosystem - refers to the larger cultural context and societal values.

Question 19

Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many,upon hatching,identified him as their mother.He coined this form of attachment:

Accepted Answer

Konrad Lorenz observed that goslings had a critical period shortly after hatching in which they were predisposed to follow and form a bond with the first moving object they saw, which was usually their mother. Lorenz found that goslings would imprint on other objects that they saw during this critical period, including Lorenz himself, leading to the formation of an attachment to him. Lorenz coined the term "imprinting" to describe this process of rapid learning and attachment. Therefore, the best choice for this question is B) imprinting.

Question 20

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior,environment,and:

Accepted Answer

Bandura's most recent model, called the triadic reciprocal causation model, includes behavior, environment, and the person/cognition as three interrelated factors that affect each other in a bidirectional manner. The person/cognition component refers to individuals' internal mental and emotional states, including their beliefs, values, attitudes, expectations, and self-efficacy. These personal factors influence their behavior and their interpretation and response to environmental stimuli. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Quiz 1: Introduction