Question 1

Assimilation (incorporating new information into existing knowledge)_____________ the initial development of formal-operational thought,and these thinkers perceive the world subjectively and idealistically.

Accepted Answer

Assimilation dominates the initial development of formal-operational thought as it involves integrating new information into existing cognitive structures, leading to subjective and idealistic perceptions.

Question 2

The imaginary audience is to the personal fable as

Accepted Answer

The imaginary audience and personal fable are both aspects of adolescent egocentrism, but they represent different aspects. The imaginary audience involves the belief that one is constantly being watched and judged by others, while the personal fable involves the belief in one's uniqueness and invincibility. Concern over others (i.e. the imaginary audience) is therefore related to belief in one's uniqueness (i.e. the personal fable).

Question 3

According to current research on Piaget's ideas on formal-operational thought,which one of the following statements is not addressed?

Accepted Answer

This statement is not addressed in current research on Piaget's ideas on formal-operational thought. Current research suggests that there is a wider range of individual variation in formal-operational thought than Piaget originally believed. B, C, and D are all addressed in current research, with evidence showing that not all adolescents and adults reach formal-operational thought, and that this varies between cultures.

Question 4

_____________________________ involves the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.

Accepted Answer

Transitivity involves the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions, such as understanding that if A is greater than B, and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C.

Question 5

___________________________ is the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension.

Accepted Answer

Seriation is the concrete operational ability to put stimuli in a specific order based on a quantitative dimension, such as length, weight, or height. For example, a child with seriation skills can put a set of sticks in order from shortest to longest. Abstraction, logic, and transitivity are also concrete operational abilities, but they do not involve ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension like seriation does.

Question 6

When assessing the cognitive abilities of children,Dr.Jones finds that Ralph has the ability to conserve length but is still fooled by conservation of mass tasks.As a Piagetian,which term would Dr.Jones use to describe this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The term "horizontal décalage" refers to the phenomenon in which children may conserve one aspect of a task (such as length) but not another (such as mass), even though both require the same cognitive ability. This is consistent with Dr. Jones' observation of Ralph's abilities. Options A and B refer to Piaget's concept of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium, which describe the process of cognitive growth and adaptation. Option C refers to a different concept, adolescent egocentrism, which occurs during the formal operational stage and involves the belief that one's own experiences and perspectives are the only ones that exist.

Question 7

After having unprotected sex with his girlfriend,16-year-old Earl says,"I never worry about getting AIDS because tough guys like me are immune to those kinds of diseases." This ill-fated thinking is reflective of

Accepted Answer

Earl's belief that he is immune to AIDS because he is a "tough guy" reflects the personal fable, a cognitive distortion typical of adolescent egocentrism. The personal fable is the belief that one is special, unique, and invulnerable, which can lead to reckless behavior and a failure to take precautions against sexually transmitted diseases. The other answer choices are not applicable to Earl's thinking in this scenario.

Question 8

Who of the following is engaging in an activity that characterizes formal operations?

Accepted Answer

Kara is engaging in metacognition, which is a characteristic of formal operations. She is thinking about thought itself, which requires abstract reasoning and introspection. Options A, B, and C do not involve the kind of abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking required for formal operations.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a feature of formal-operational thought?

Accepted Answer

Trial-and-error is not a feature of formal-operational thought. Formal-operational thought involves abstract thinking, logical reasoning, and the ability to think hypothetically and consider multiple perspectives. Idealism, or the ability to think about ideal situations or possibilities, is also a feature of formal-operational thought. However, trial-and-error is not a specific cognitive ability associated with this stage of development.

Question 10

Piaget contributed many ideas for educators in the classroom.Which one of the statements below is not a contribution of Piaget?

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that assessment should not only be at the end but also throughout the learning process to track progress and adjust teaching strategies accordingly. Therefore, statement C is not a contribution of Piaget.

Question 11

Young Gino spends his days fantasizing about being the president of the United States,a sports hero,and a rock star.With which stage of Piagetian development is such idealized thinking often equated?

Accepted Answer

The formal operational stage, according to Piaget, is characterized by the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically, which includes idealized thinking and fantasizing about possibilities.

Question 12

The imaginary audience and the personal fable are two parts of

Accepted Answer

The imaginary audience and personal fable are both aspects of adolescent egocentrism, which is a characteristic of thinking in adolescence where individuals believe that their own experiences, thoughts, and feelings are unique and that others are paying more attention to them than they actually are (imaginary audience) and that they are invincible and immune to harm or danger (personal fable).

Question 13

An adolescent's sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility is known as the

Accepted Answer

The sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility is known as the personal fable in adolescent development. Adolescents believe that they are special and different from others and that they are invincible, leading them to take risks and engage in reckless behavior.

Question 14

______________________ is Piaget's formal-operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses,or best guesses,about ways to solve problems,such as an algebraic equation.

Accepted Answer

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is Piaget's formal-operational concept that refers to the ability of adolescents to use hypotheses to solve problems. This means that they can develop a best guess about the possible ways to solve an algebraic equation or any other problem, and then test their hypotheses to see if they are correct. The other options listed are also Piagetian concepts, but they do not refer specifically to the development of hypotheses or problem-solving abilities.

Question 15

Which statement best exemplifies early formal-operational thinking?

Accepted Answer

Early formal-operational thinking is characterized by the ability to think logically and systematically about hypothetical situations and abstract concepts. The statement "Anything is possible" reflects this type of thinking, as it suggests a willingness to explore different possibilities and consider alternative perspectives. The other options do not reflect early formal-operational thinking. B reflects a more defeatist attitude, emphasizing the importance of giving up rather than persevering. C reflects a more basic, pre-operational understanding of the mind as a blank slate without innate structures or processes. D reflects a more concrete-operational understanding of the inevitability of death, rather than a more abstract and hypothetical consideration of the concept.

Question 16

Adolescence corresponds with what Piagetian stage of development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's formal-operational stage spans from age 12 through adulthood, and is characterized by the development of abstract reasoning skills. During adolescence, individuals begin to utilize formal-operational thinking to understand complex ideas, reason logically, and consider hypothetical situations.

Question 17

________________________ is the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents,which is reflected in the belief that others are as interested in them as the adolescents are in themselves.

Accepted Answer

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by the belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique and more significant than those of others. This leads to the perception that others are constantly paying attention to and evaluating them, which can result in self-consciousness and a heightened sense of self-importance. Transitivity refers to the ability to logically compare relationships between different objects or ideas. Horizontal décalage is a concept in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, referring to the uneven development of cognitive abilities within a stage. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is the ability to think systematically and logically about hypothetical situations.

Question 18

In Todd's senior-level high-school science class,he and his science partner are conducting an experiment.Together,they are developing ways to solve their scientific inquiry,and then systematically concluding what is the best path to follow in solving the problem.They are demonstrating their ability for

Accepted Answer

Todd and his science partner are demonstrating hypothetical-deductive reasoning by developing ways to solve their scientific inquiry and systematically concluding the best path to follow. This involves forming hypotheses and deducing their implications to see which best solves the problem.

Question 19

Concrete-operational thought is to formal-operational thought as

Accepted Answer

Concrete-operational thought refers to the stage of cognitive development in which children begin to think logically and solve problems using trial-and-error. Formal-operational thought is the next stage, during which individuals begin to think hypothetically and deduce conclusions based on those hypotheses. Therefore, the relationship between concrete-operational thought and formal-operational thought is similar to the relationship between trial-and-error and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Question 20

After getting her hair cut,15-year-old Denise tells her mother,"I can't go to school ever again because everyone is going to be laughing at my hair!" This aspect of adolescent egocentrism is called

Accepted Answer

The aspect of adolescent egocentrism described in the scenario is the imaginary audience, which involves the belief that others are constantly watching and judging one's appearance and behavior. The personal fable involves believing that one's experiences and emotions are unique and incomprehensible to others. Idealistic thinking involves setting unrealistic goals and expecting perfection, while hypothetical-deductive reasoning involves the ability to think systematically and logically about hypothetical situations.

Quiz 6: Cognitive Developmental Approaches

Assimilation (incorporating new information into existing knowledge) _____________ the initial development of formal-operational thought,and these thinkers perceive the world subjectively and idealistically.