Question 1

Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many,upon hatching,identified him as their mother.He coined this form of attachment _____.
A) conditioning
B) imprinting
C) internalizing
D) acclimatizing

Accepted Answer

Konrad Lorenz coined the term imprinting to describe the process by which young animals, particularly birds, form attachments during a critical period early in life. This process involves the animal forming a strong bond with the first moving object they see after hatching or being born, which is often their mother or a surrogate.

Question 2

A(n)_____ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.
A) case study
B) survey
C) experiment
D) correlation

Accepted Answer

A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant is known as an experiment. In an experiment, a hypothesis is tested by manipulating one variable to see its effect on another variable while controlling for all other variables. This allows researchers to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

Question 3

The _____ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.
A) metasystem
B) mesosystem
C) chronosystem
D) macrosystem

Accepted Answer

The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts. The metasystem refers to the overarching cultural and societal values that influence development, the chronosystem refers to changes over time, and the macrosystem refers to larger cultural and societal factors such as political and economic systems.

Question 4

Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her city.Which of the following problems is she likely to encounter while using this method of data collection?
A) The assumption that a person's behavior is consistent and stable.
B) The inability to sample a large number of people.
C) The assumption that surveys have to be conducted only in person.
D) Some participants may not tell the truth and instead give socially acceptable answers.

Accepted Answer

This is known as social desirability bias. It is a common problem when conducting surveys, as participants may not want to admit to behaviors that are deemed socially undesirable. This can lead to inaccurate data and conclusions. The other options (A, B, and C) are not necessarily problems specific to surveys.

Question 5

Ariel wants to describe the strength of the relationship between the number of airplane companies in the world and global warming.Which of the following kinds of research is Ariel most likely to perform?
A) Descriptive
B) Correlational
C) Collaborative
D) Discrete

Accepted Answer

Correlational research is used to investigate the relationship between two or more variables. In this case, Ariel wants to explore the relationship between the number of airplane companies and global warming, which involves examining the correlation between these two variables. Therefore, the best choice would be correlational research.

Question 6

A recent television documentary concluded that,from birth,girls are more nurturing than are boys.Daniel agrees with this because he believes nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations,because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species.Daniel's view reflects the _____ perspective of development.
A) ideological
B) clinical
C) ethological
D) theological

Accepted Answer

Daniel's view reflects the ethological perspective of development, which emphasizes the role of evolved behavior patterns and instinctual processes in shaping development. This view is rooted in the work of ethologists like Konrad Lorenz and focuses on the ways in which evolution has shaped the behavior of animals, including humans. Daniel's belief that nurturing behavior is an evolutionary trait passed down through generations aligns with this perspective.

Question 7

Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course,as well as sociohistorical circumstances?
A) Mesosystem
B) Chronosystem
C) Macrosystem
D) Exosystem

Accepted Answer

The Chronosystem is the environmental system that consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

Question 8

The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.
A) chronosystem
B) mesosystem
C) ethnosystem
D) macrosystem

Accepted Answer

The macrosystem in ecological systems theory refers to the larger cultural context in which individuals reside, including their broader societal values, economic systems, and political ideologies. It encompasses factors such as historical events, government policies, and cultural traditions that may influence the development of individuals and their environments.

Question 9

Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests?
A) They allow a person's performance to be compared with that of other individuals.
B) They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable.
C) They provide information about individual differences among people.
D) They are difficult to design.

Accepted Answer

One criticism of standardized tests is that they assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable, which may not always be the case. This can lead to inaccurate results and unfair comparisons.

Question 10

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior,environment,and:
A) person/cognition.
B) culture.
C) education level.
D) motivation.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes the three elements of behavior, environment, and person/cognition. The person/cognition element encompasses the individual's thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes, which can influence their behavior and learning outcomes. Culture and education level can be considered as part of the environmental element, and motivation can be seen as a factor that influences behavior. However, the person/cognition element is distinct from these other factors and is a key component in Bandura's model.

Question 11

Dr.Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10.From this information,we can conclude that:
A) people with large heads have a higher IQ than people with smaller heads.
B) there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ.
C) people with small heads tend to have a higher IQ than people with large heads.
D) head circumference is an important predictor of IQ.

Accepted Answer

The correlation coefficient of +.10 indicates a weak positive relationship between head size and IQ. It does not indicate a strong enough relationship to determine that head size is an important predictor of IQ or that people with larger or smaller heads have higher IQs. Choice A and C make unsupported assumptions based on the information given.

Question 12

Flevy,a marketing researcher,is conducting an extensive market study and has hired a big group of college students to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek their responses.Which of the following methods of data collection is Flevy using?
A) Laboratory research
B) Survey
C) Naturalistic observation
D) Physiological measures

Accepted Answer

Flevy is using the method of survey, which involves collecting data by asking a set of standardized questions to a sample of individuals in a systematic manner. This method is commonly used in market research to understand consumer behavior, attitudes, and preferences. Laboratory research involves conducting experiments in a controlled environment, naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in a natural setting, and physiological measures involve measuring biological responses such as heart rate or brain activity.

Question 13

Danny's mother is even-tempered,fair,and tactful.Seeing this,Danny is growing up to be a polite,good-natured boy too.This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.
A) operant conditioning
B) observational learning
C) salient stimuli
D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning or modeling is the concept in Bandura's social cognitive theory where individuals learn by observing and imitating the behavior of others. In this scenario, Danny is observing and imitating his mother's behavior, which is reflected in his own behavior.

Question 14

In Lorenz's view,imprinting needs to take place at a certain,very early time in the life of the animal,or else it will not take place.This period of time is called the:
A) receptive period.
B) sensitive period.
C) critical period.
D) bonding period.

Accepted Answer

Lorenz's concept of imprinting emphasizes that it must occur during a specific time frame in an animal's early life, known as the "critical period," for the imprinting to be successful.

Question 15

Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment,development,or phylogeny occurs.He further believes that there are critical periods that have also been selected for.He is most likely taking a(n)_____ approach.
A) behavioral
B) ethological
C) social cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

Accepted Answer

Fernando's belief in the role of critical periods suggests he is taking an ethological approach, which focuses on behavior and its evolutionary significance, as well as the role of instinct and adaptation in development.

Question 16

A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients.The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eight weeks.At the end of the program,their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill.In this study,the dependent variable is:
A) the number of minutes on the treadmill.
B) the exercise program (high versus low).
C) the number of elderly patients.
D) the eight-week duration of the exercise program.

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured, which in this case is the patients' stamina measured by the number of minutes they can walk on the treadmill. The independent variable is the type of exercise program they are assigned to (high or low) and this is being manipulated in order to observe its effect on the dependent variable. The number of patients and the duration of the program are not the main variables of interest in this study.

Question 17

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory,a person's family,peers,school,and neighborhood constitute his/her:
A) microsystem.
B) mesosystem.
C) chronosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Accepted Answer

In the ecological theory by Urie Bronfenbrenner, the microsystem comprises the immediate environments and social settings where an individual lives and interacts on a regular basis, such as family, peers, school, and neighborhood. Therefore, the best choice is A, as this system includes all these elements. The mesosystem refers to the connections and interactions between different microsystems, the chronosystem involves changes and transitions occurring in the individual and the environment over time, and the macrosystem refers to the broader cultural and social context influencing all other systems.

Question 18

The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.
A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Accepted Answer

The exosystem is defined as the links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. The microsystem refers to the immediate environment in which the individual directly interacts, while the mesosystem refers to the interactions and connections between different aspects of the individual's microsystem. The macrosystem refers to the broader cultural and societal context in which the individual exists.

Question 19

Which of the following correlations is the strongest?
A) -.65
B) +.46
C) +.70
D) -.77

Accepted Answer

The correlation of -.77 is the strongest because it is the closest to absolute value 1, indicating a very strong negative relationship between the two variables.

Question 20

In an experimental study,the _____ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared.
A) control
B) experimental
C) dependent
D) independent

Accepted Answer

The control group is used as a baseline to compare against the experimental group to determine the effects of the manipulated condition. The independent variable is the condition that is manipulated, and the dependent variable is the outcome that is being measured. However, neither the dependent nor independent variable serves as the baseline comparison in an experimental study.

Quiz 1: Introduction

Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many,upon hatching,identified him as their mother.He coined this form of attachment _____.

A(n) _____ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.

The _____ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.

Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her city.Which of the following problems is she likely to encounter while using this method of data collection?

Ariel wants to describe the strength of the relationship between the number of airplane companies in the world and global warming.Which of the following kinds of research is Ariel most likely to perform?

Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course,as well as sociohistorical circumstances?

The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.

Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests?

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior,environment,and:

Dr.Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10.From this information,we can conclude that:

Flevy,a marketing researcher,is conducting an extensive market study and has hired a big group of college students to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek their responses.Which of the following methods of data collection is Flevy using?

Danny's mother is even-tempered,fair,and tactful.Seeing this,Danny is growing up to be a polite,good-natured boy too.This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.

In Lorenz's view,imprinting needs to take place at a certain,very early time in the life of the animal,or else it will not take place.This period of time is called the:

Fernando believes that as individuals adapt to their environment,development,or phylogeny occurs.He further believes that there are critical periods that have also been selected for.He is most likely taking a(n) _____ approach.

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory,a person's family,peers,school,and neighborhood constitute his/her:

The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.

Which of the following correlations is the strongest?

In an experimental study,the _____ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared.