Question 1

Anandamide is a substance made in the body that is the equivalent of the active component of

Accepted Answer

Anandamide is a substance made in the body that is the equivalent of the active component of marijuana. Heroin, chocolate, oregano, and barbiturates do not contain or produce anandamide.

Question 2

The two identifying characteristics of addiction are

Accepted Answer

The two identifying characteristics of addiction are tolerance, which means the need for increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the same effect, and dependence, which means the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms when the substance is abruptly stopped or reduced.

Question 3

Schizophrenia affects about ____ percent of the population.

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide.

Question 4

Harold is so sad that for months he can barely get out of bed.If he does,he just sits at the kitchen table with his head on his hands,unable to function.Yet for a few weeks,about every four or five months,he reverses mood.He becomes chatty and animated,uncharacteristically spending lavishly.Harold most likely has

Accepted Answer

Harold's pattern of experiencing episodes of extreme lows (difficulty functioning, depression) and highs (lavish spending, chatty behavior) is characteristic of bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia typically involves symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. Euphoria refers to a feeling of intense happiness, which is not the only symptom Harold is experiencing. Major depressive disorder is a possibility, but the pattern of high and low mood swings is more indicative of bipolar disorder. Temporary amnesia does not fit with the symptoms Harold is exhibiting.

Question 5

Age of onset for schizophrenia is

Accepted Answer

The age of onset for schizophrenia is typically in early adulthood, often between the ages of 16 and 30. While there are some cases of childhood-onset schizophrenia, they are relatively rare. There is also evidence to suggest that prenatal and early childhood factors may contribute to the development of schizophrenia, but they are not necessarily the age of onset. Finally, schizophrenia does not typically develop in old age (at one's 50th birthday party).

Question 6

Smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer because

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptors in the lungs bind carcinogens in cigarette smoke.

Question 7

Dr.Gregory House,a character on a television program,experiences severe withdrawal symptoms when he stops taking hydrocodone,which is a drug that he originally took for leg pain,but has not been able to give up.He is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Dr. Gregory House is exhibiting dependence, as he experiences withdrawal symptoms when he stops taking the drug he has become dependent on. Tolerance is the need for increased amounts of a drug to achieve the desired effect, paranoia and suicidal ideation are not mentioned in the scenario, and insomnia is a possible symptom of withdrawal, but not the best descriptor of House's situation.

Question 8

In the 1980s,when researchers began seeking gene variants that can cause or contribute to bipolar disorder,it seemed that each extended family had its own mutations.These findings,looking back,most likely mean that

Accepted Answer

The finding that each extended family had its own mutations suggests that many gene variant combinations cause or contribute to bipolar disorder, but only a few such variants are seen in any one family. This indicates that bipolar disorder is likely caused by multiple genetic factors, rather than a single gene or mutation, and that each individual may have a unique combination of genetic risk factors contributing to the disorder.

Question 9

The biological basis of nicotine addiction is that nicotine binds

Accepted Answer

Nicotine binds to the part of the nicotinic receptor that normally binds the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This binding releases dopamine, which causes pleasurable feelings and reinforces the behavior of smoking, leading to addiction.

Question 10

Erica constantly needs to take more cocaine to get the same effect.She is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Erica is exhibiting tolerance, as she needs more cocaine to achieve the same effect as before.

Question 11

The lifetime risk for major depressive disorder in the general population is

Accepted Answer

The lifetime risk for major depressive disorder in the general population is estimated to be 5-10%. This means that approximately 1 in 10 people will experience a major depressive episode at some point in their lifetime.

Question 12

A gene variant that,when homozygous,may be common to people with addictions to different substances is

Accepted Answer

The A1 allele of the dopamine D(2) receptor is a gene variant that, when homozygous, has been associated with addictive behaviors involving alcohol, cocaine, and opioids. This gene variant may affect the brain's reward system and contribute to the development of addiction. The other options listed do not have strong evidence linking them to addictive behaviors.

Question 13

Some drugs are plant products that can bind neural receptors in a human body because the body makes a similar chemical.Endorphins are the human equivalent of

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are the human equivalent of opiates because they bind to the same neural receptors as opium-derived drugs such as morphine and codeine.

Question 14

Bipolar disorder affects about __ percent of the U.S.population.

Accepted Answer

Bipolar disorder affects about 1 percent of the U.S. population.

Question 15

A treatment that may help patients who do not respond to antidepressant drugs is

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to be effective in patients who do not respond to antidepressant drugs. ECT involves administering a small electric current to the brain, which can have a rapid and powerful anti-depressant effect. While the exact mechanism behind this treatment is not fully understood, it is thought that ECT may stimulate the release of certain chemicals in the brain that help to improve mood.

Question 16

LSD binds receptors that normally bind

Accepted Answer

The answer of LSD binds receptors that normally bind
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Question 17

Early symptoms of schizophrenia affect

Accepted Answer

Early symptoms of schizophrenia affect thinking, such as disorganized speech and difficulty concentrating.

Question 18

A likely biological basis of major depressive disorder is

Accepted Answer

The inadequate function of reuptake pumps for serotonin in the presynaptic neuron membrane is a common biological basis of major depressive disorder. This leads to decreased levels of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, causing a decrease in mood regulation and potentially resulting in depression.

Question 19

Anandamide (and THC)differ from neurotransmitters in that they bind

Accepted Answer

Anandamide and THC are known as endocannabinoids, which bind to presynaptic receptors rather than postsynaptic receptors like traditional neurotransmitters.

Question 20

SSRIs such as Prozac,Paxil and Zoloft are widely prescribed to treat

Accepted Answer

SSRIs are widely prescribed to treat major depressive disorder. They work by increasing the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain, which can help improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression. They are not typically used to treat schizophrenia or more severe mental health conditions, such as homicidal mania.

Quiz 8: Genetics of Behavior