Question 1

_____ is when a person acts as his or her own therapist, along with guidance from outside, in order to modify the antecedents and consequences of the target behavior.

Accepted Answer

Self-control involves a person taking responsibility for their own behavior and regulating their actions through modifying antecedents and consequences. This can involve self-monitoring, setting goals, and using self-reinforcement or punishment to control their behavior. While self-efficacy, self-talk, and self-actualization are all important concepts in psychology, they do not specifically involve modifying behavior in the way that self-control does.

Question 2

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism involves having the client sip his or her favorite drink while ingesting Antabuse.After several pairings, alcohol becomes associated with the Antabuse and elicits a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism involves classical conditioning. By pairing the consumption of alcohol with the ingestion of Antabuse, the brain learns to associate the two, and eventually, the smell, taste, or thought of alcohol elicits a conditioned response. Therefore, the correct answer is A, a conditioned response.

Question 3

Positive self-punishment involves:

Accepted Answer

Positive self-punishment involves administering an unpleasant stimulus to oneself to decrease the likelihood of an undesirable behavior occurring again.

Question 4

A behavioral response is most resistant to extinction if it is maintained by a _____ reinforcement schedule.

Accepted Answer

A variable reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a behavior after a random number of occurrences, making it more resistant to extinction than a continuous schedule where the behavior is reinforced every time. Random and static schedules are not commonly used in reinforcement, and thus are not the best choice.

Question 5

The most important principle in modeling is _____.

Accepted Answer

The most important principle in modeling, which refers to the process of learning through observation and imitation, is similarity. This principle suggests that individuals are more likely to model behaviors observed in others who are perceived as similar to themselves.

Question 6

Wanda's weight-loss counselor has observed that she has a self-defeating pattern of beliefs and cognitions about her inability to control overeating.Specifically, when she eats something that is not allowed on her diet she instantly loses hope, and ponders over her weak will power.Wanda's counselor is trying to encourage her to think otherwise, and continue with her diet routine even if she waivers a few times.In this case, the therapist is utilizing a technique called _____.

Accepted Answer

The therapist is using cognitive restructuring, which involves helping the individual identify and challenge negative thought patterns and replace them with more positive and accurate ones. In this case, the therapist is trying to help Wanda challenge her belief that she has weak willpower and instead focus on the progress she has made with her diet and continue with her routine even if she has occasional slip-ups.

Question 7

_____ is learning that occurs from witnessing another person perform a behavior.

Accepted Answer

Modeling, also known as observational learning, occurs when an individual learns a new behavior by observing someone else demonstrating that behavior. The individual does not need to perform the behavior themselves to learn it, but instead can imitate the behavior they saw someone else perform.

Question 8

A discriminative stimulus is important because:

Accepted Answer

A discriminative stimulus signals that a certain behavior will be reinforced. It serves as an indicator for the organism that performing the behavior may result in a positive outcome or consequence. It does not distract or eliminate the target behavior, and it is capable of eliciting the target behavior.

Question 9

Adolescents often begin to drink or smoke to reduce their nervousness in social situations by trying to communicate a cool and sophisticated image.This behavior is usually a response to _____.

Accepted Answer

The behavior mentioned suggests that adolescents are using alcohol or smoking to cope with social anxiety or nervousness in social situations. This indicates that the most likely answer is C, social anxiety. The other options (depression, medication, relapse) do not seem to be referenced in the question or suggested as reasons for this behavior.

Question 10

Relapse is more likely when an individual:

Accepted Answer

Experiencing negative affect, such as depression or anxiety, is a common trigger for relapse in individuals struggling with substance use or addiction. Overperforming at work or having socially appropriate behaviors are not necessarily related to relapse, and being aware of treatment programs can actually decrease the likelihood of relapse.

Question 11

Which of the following is a technique used in relaxation training?

Accepted Answer

Deep breathing is a common technique used in relaxation training to reduce muscle tension and promote relaxation. Self-talk may be used to help individuals focus on positive thoughts and reduce anxiety, but it is not necessarily a core component of relaxation training. Hypnosis may also be used, but it is a more specialized technique that involves inducing a trance state and is not commonly used in general relaxation training. Debriefing is a technique used to help individuals process and learn from a stressful situation after it has occurred, but it is not a relaxation technique.

Question 12

Classical conditioning is the pairing of a(n) _____ with a new stimulus to produce a conditioned reflex.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned reflex (a natural, automatic response to a stimulus) with a new stimulus to produce a conditioned reflex. This process was famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov through his experiments with dogs, where he paired the natural reflex of salivating in response to food (unconditioned reflex) with the sound of a bell (new stimulus), eventually causing the dogs to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.

Question 13

Rhonda entered into an agreement with her friend, Nancy, in an attempt to establish a regular exercise program.According to their agreement, Nancy must pay $1 to Rhonda every day that she exercises for at least 30 minutes.If she fails to do so, Rhonda must pay $1 to Nancy.This is an example of a _____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a contingency contract, which is a formal agreement between two or more parties that specifies the contingencies (rewards and punishments) that will be in effect. In this case, the contingency is that Nancy will receive a $1 reward for exercising for at least 30 minutes, and Rhonda will receive a $1 punishment for not doing so.

Question 14

Which of the following is an advantage of using behavioral assignments?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral assignments allow clients to gradually take responsibility for behavior change. This is because clients are provided with specific tasks to complete outside of therapy sessions, which increases their autonomy and self-efficacy. This also helps to ensure that clients are actively engaged in the treatment process and invested in their own progress. The other options (A, B, and C) do not accurately describe advantages of using behavioral assignments.

Question 15

Brenda has been trying to lose weight, and control her seemingly insatiable sweet tooth.To meet her goal, she has removed all cookies, candies, and ice cream from the kitchen cabinets and refrigerator.Instead, she has kept a bowl of fresh fruits on the kitchen counter to occasionally snack on.In this case, Brenda is practicing _____.

Accepted Answer

Brenda is practicing stimulus control, which involves manipulating the environment to avoid cues that trigger undesired behaviors and promote cues that trigger desired behaviors. She has removed high-calorie sweets and replaced them with a healthier snack option to help her control her sweet cravings.

Question 16

_____ is a feeling of loss of control that results when a person has violated self-imposed rules.

Accepted Answer

The term "abstinence violation effect" refers to the feeling of loss of control that occurs when a person violates their self-imposed rules, such as breaking a commitment to abstain from alcohol or drugs. This can lead to a sense of guilt and a belief that all progress has been lost, which can contribute to relapse.

Question 17

The use of positive reinforcements, such as money or new clothing, to encourage weight loss in an obesity treatment program is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

The use of positive reinforcements to encourage weight loss falls under the principles of operant conditioning, as it involves selectively reinforcing desired behaviors (in this case, weight loss) to increase the likelihood of their occurrence in the future. Shaping involves gradually reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior, while modeling involves using the behavior of others as a guide for one's own behavior. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to elicit a response.

Question 18

People often generate internal monologues that:

Accepted Answer

Internal monologues can sometimes interfere with behavior change by reinforcing negative thoughts or self-doubt, making it harder to adopt new habits.

Question 19

Self-reinforcement involves:

Accepted Answer

Self-reinforcement involves rewarding oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior. This is a technique used in behavior management and self-improvement. Choice A refers to observational learning, choice C refers to a behavior contract, and choice D refers to home practice activities.

Question 20

Fred wants to lose 20 pounds.He places 20 one-pound boxes of lard in the refrigerator.As his weight-loss program proceeds, he removes one box of lard each time he succeeds in losing a pound.In this instance, Fred is using _____.

Accepted Answer

Fred is using negative self-reward by removing an undesirable object (a box of lard) each time he achieves a weight loss goal, which is a way to reward himself by reducing a negative stimulus.

Quiz 3: Health Behaviors