Question 1

Explain why a high mortality (death)rate is not necessarily a favorable outcome for a pathogen.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

You are teaching a class the principles of the Gram stain.Discuss which controls you will use to illustrate what happens during the decolorizing step.

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Question 3

Which of the following is the organelle where proteins destined for secretion are separated from other proteins?

Accepted Answer

The organelle where proteins destined for secretion are separated from other proteins is the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and modifies, sorts, and packages them into vesicles destined for secretion or other organelles.

Question 4

Mobile genetic elements that sometimes carry pathogenicity islands are known as

Accepted Answer

Mobile genetic elements that carry pathogenicity islands are known as plasmids. Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA that can replicate independently of the host chromosome and can be transferred between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Some plasmids carry genes that enhance the virulence of the bacteria, including pathogenicity islands.

Question 5

Which of the following is not associated with the eukaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan is a component of bacterial cell walls, which are not present in eukaryotic cells. The plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells is composed of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and may interact with cytoskeletal microfilaments, but not peptidoglycan.

Question 6

Which of the following is the organelle that is on the path of proteins between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transport of proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

Question 7

The organelle where secreted proteins are synthesized is

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the organelle responsible for the synthesis of secreted proteins. It has ribosomes attached to its surface, which enable protein synthesis. The proteins are then transported to the Golgi apparatus for processing and packaging.

Question 8

Which of the following are vesicles found in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisomes are small, membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that contain enzymes involved in various metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances. The other options listed are not vesicles. Microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton, flagella are structures used for movement, intermediate filaments provide structural support, and ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

Question 9

The organelle where lysosome enzymes are packaged is

Accepted Answer

Lysosome enzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the Golgi apparatus, where they are packaged into vesicles called lysosomes. Therefore, the correct choice is C (Golgi apparatus).

Question 10

All of the following can be present in prokaryotic cells except

Accepted Answer

Cilia are only present in eukaryotic cells.

Question 11

Explain why it is of clinical value to determine whether an infection is caused by a bacterium that possesses a capsule and identify a stain that can be used to confirm the presence of a capsule.

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Question 12

Discuss the difference between opportunistic and primary pathogens and the circumstances under which they cause disease.

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Question 13

What is a biofilm and why are biofilms clinically problematic? Provide a specific example.

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Question 14

Clusters of genes encoding virulence factors are known as

Accepted Answer

Clusters of genes encoding virulence factors are known as pathogenicity islands. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules separate from the bacterial chromosome. Quorum clusters are not a known term in microbiology. Adherence factors are proteins or structures that allow bacteria to attach to host cells. Inducing genes are activated by certain environmental conditions or signals.

Question 15

Which of the following is a mismatched pair?

Accepted Answer

The proteasome is involved in protein degradation, not protein synthesis.

Question 16

Explain why basic dyes and not acidic dyes are used when examining the morphology and arrangement of bacterial cells.

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Question 17

Which of the following is the first vesicle for molecules taken up by cells?

Accepted Answer

Endosomes are membrane-bound compartments inside cells, acting as sorting stations for molecules internalized from the plasma membrane and destined for different locations, making them the first vesicle for molecules taken up by cells.

Question 18

When an antibiotic targets a pathogen-specific component,its mechanism of action is

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics that specifically target a pathogen work by inhibiting a biochemical function that is unique to that particular pathogen. This could include interfering with the pathogen's ability to synthesize crucial molecules such as cell walls or DNA. By targeting pathogen-specific components, antibiotics can selectively kill harmful bacteria without harming the body's own cells.

Question 19

Secretory vesicles fuse with the

Accepted Answer

Secretory vesicles contain proteins or other molecules that need to be released from the cell. They fuse with the plasma membrane, and the contents are then released outside the cell.

Question 20

All of the following are present in eukaryotic cells except

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain lysosomes, endosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and cholesterol as part of their cellular structure. However, plasma membrane-bound oxidative electron transport is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells, specifically in their cell membranes, rather than eukaryotic cells, which perform oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.

Quiz 4: An Introduction to Cell Structure and Host-Pathogen Relationships