Question 1

Explain why ?-lactamase is expressed only after the cell wall has begun its degradation by penicillin in Escherichia coli.

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Question 2

Which type of antibiotic resistance occurs when the shape of the ribosome is changed?

Accepted Answer

Target modification occurs when the shape of the ribosome is altered, making it difficult for antibiotics to bind and target the correct site. This can result in resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics that target the ribosome.

Question 3

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: The hospital is a place where resistance can develop rapidly because there is a high concentration of bacteria and small amounts of antibiotics are constantly used.

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Question 4

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Because antibiotics are not effective against viruses,taking the antibiotic a doctor prescribes for a viral infection does nothing to relieve symptoms.

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics only work against bacterial infections, not viruses. Therefore, taking antibiotics for a viral infection will not relieve symptoms and may even cause harm by promoting antibiotic resistance.

Question 5

Describe the test used to determine whether an antimicrobial agent is microbicidal.

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Question 6

Compare and contrast the Kirby-Bauer test and the E test.Why are these not appropriate procedures for determining whether an antimicrobial agent is microbicidal?

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Question 7

Identify and describe five factors that contribute to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance in today's world.

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Question 8

Explain the testing process through which potential new antibiotics must pass before therapeutic use in humans is considered.

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Question 9

Why is selective toxicity particularly problematic when developing antimicrobials to treat viral infections?

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Question 10

Describe the four types of protective mechanism microbes use to develop resistance to antibiotics.Provide an example of each type.

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Question 11

Describe six approaches being used to identify novel microbial structures or functions that may be potential new antibiotic targets.

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Question 12

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: In large cities the transfer of a contagious disease or antibiotic-resistant pathogen is more easily accomplished because the population is more spread out.

Accepted Answer

The statement is false. In large cities with dense populations, the transfer of contagious diseases or antibiotic-resistant pathogens is more likely to occur due to the close proximity of individuals and increased contact between them.

Question 13

Specialized membrane proteins are activated in which type of antibiotic resistance?

Accepted Answer

Specialized membrane proteins are activated in efflux pumping antibiotic resistance, where the bacteria uses pumps to remove the antibiotics from the cell before they can harm it.

Question 14

Identify six important ways in which the life span of antimicrobial drugs can be extended for health care use.

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Question 15

Which type of resistance occurs when one metabolic pathway is blocked and others are used?

Accepted Answer

Alternate pathway resistance occurs when the bacteria use alternative metabolic pathways to achieve the same function when one pathway is blocked. This enables the bacteria to survive and proliferate even in the presence of antibiotics that target a specific metabolic pathway.

Question 16

Antibiotic resistance by reduced membrane permeability occurs when

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics enter bacterial cells through porins and membrane channel proteins. If these proteins are not produced or are reduced in number, the antibiotic cannot enter the cell, resulting in reduced membrane permeability and antibiotic resistance.

Question 17

Answer true or false to the reason given in the following statement: Bacterial efflux pumps can generate antibiotic resistance because they can function to clear bacteria of antibiotics.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Bacterial efflux pumps are membrane transporters that can pump antibiotics out of the cell, which reduces the concentration of antibiotics inside the cell and allows the bacteria to survive and grow even in the presence of antibiotics, leading to the development of antibiotic resistance.

Quiz 20: Antibiotic Resistance