Question 1

Reciprocal socialization is ______,whereas scaffolding is ______.

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal socialization is bidirectional, meaning it involves an interaction between two or more individuals who influence each other. Scaffolding, on the other hand, is unidirectional, as one person (often an adult) provides support and guidance to help another person (often a child) learn and complete a task. Therefore, the best answer is D.

Question 2

A criticism of attachment theory is that:

Accepted Answer

Attachment theory has been criticized for potentially overemphasizing the role of attachment in development, while other factors, such as genetics or broader environmental influences, may also play significant roles in an infant's adaptation to life.

Question 3

What is the main difference between most child-care policies available in the United States and in Sweden?

Accepted Answer

The main difference between most child-care policies available in the United States and in Sweden is the level of inclusion of the father. In Sweden, fathers are much more likely to be involved in childcare than in the United States. This is due to a number of factors, including Sweden's generous parental leave policies and its strong social safety net.

Question 4

The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development concluded that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The longitudinal study conducted by the National...

Question 5

Marcus and Debra used to go out quite often.Since their baby's birth,they have preferred spending time at home playing with the baby or going to places where they can stroll with the baby leisurely and window-shop.This change in Marcus and Debra's behavior is an example of:

Accepted Answer

The change in behavior described in the scenario is an example of the infant socializing the parents. The arrival of a baby often leads to changes in the parents' activities and priorities, as they prioritize the needs and well-being of their child. Marcus and Debra's preference for staying home with their baby and going to places where they can enjoy casual strolls with their baby is indicative of this shift. This is a common example of how infants often influence the behavior of their parents, rather than the other way around. The other answer choices do not accurately reflect the situation described in the scenario.

Question 6

Which of the following is generally TRUE about child-care settings across the United States,according to your text?

Accepted Answer

The text mentions that child-care settings vary widely in quality, indicating that there is not a uniform standard across the United States. While there are some high-quality programs, there are also many low-quality ones. The text does not support the other options presented.

Question 7

When parents select and attend to certain behaviors,initially demonstrating them for their child,then gradually turning over more of the responsibility for the behavior to the child,the parents are engaging in:

Accepted Answer

The behavior described in the question is known as scaffolding, which involves parents showing a child how to perform a behavior and then gradually handing over more responsibility for that behavior to the child. This process helps the child to learn and develop new skills.

Question 8

How do child-care programs for children in low-income families compare with child care available to children in families of higher economic status?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that child care quality is generally low, but it is particularly lower for infants from low-income families compared to those from higher-income families.

Question 9

Blanca rarely holds her baby Joey and tends to respond to his needs in an angry,irritable fashion.It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n)_________ with his mother.

Accepted Answer

Blanca's lack of responsiveness to Joey's needs and tendency to respond in anger and irritability suggests that he is likely to develop an insecure avoidant attachment. Infants with this attachment style learn that their caregiver is not consistently responsive to their needs and therefore, they develop a pattern of avoiding seeking comfort from the caregiver.

Question 10

The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The research on fathers as caregivers indicates...

Question 11

Daniel and Guadalupe are angry with one another because of differences in their spending habits.Guadalupe snaps at their daughter and sends her to her room even though the little girl is not misbehaving.According to Jay Belsky's description of family interactions,this situation is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This situation is an example of an indirect influence of the marital relationship on the child, as the tension between Daniel and Guadalupe affects how Guadalupe interacts with their daughter.

Question 12

Beth,who is 6 months old,has a 17-year-old mother who is not sure about how to interact with her.Beth's mother is inconsistent,sometimes responding to Beth's needs and sometimes not responding to her needs.Beth most likely will be a(n)_______ infant.

Accepted Answer

Beth is likely to be an insecure resistant infant because her mother's inconsistent responsiveness can lead to Beth being unsure whether her needs will be met, resulting in clingy and resistant behavior.

Question 13

A mother hands her baby a rattle,saying,"Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away,smiling and saying,"Thank you." She does this repeatedly,letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle.Eventually,the baby takes the rattle,holds it for a few seconds,and then holds it out to her mother and smiles.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of scaffolding, as the mother is providing support and guidance to the baby in learning how to interact with the rattle, gradually encouraging the baby to take more ownership and initiative in the exchange.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about reciprocal socialization is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal socialization is a bidirectional process in which children socialize parents just as parents socialize children. This means that parents and children influence each other's behavior, attitudes, and values through their interactions.

Question 15

In spite of modern criticism of the first theories of attachment and its significance in healthy development:

Accepted Answer

There is ample evidence from both longitudinal studies and cross-cultural research that the security of attachment in infancy predicts positive outcomes in various domains, including social relationships, emotion regulation, and academic achievement. While the first theories have been modified and refined over time, the core idea that early relationships shape later development has been supported by a large body of research. However, some critics have pointed out limitations and complexities in the original models, such as the oversimplification of attachment styles and the lack of attention to contextual factors. Nonetheless, the significance of attachment for healthy development is widely recognized in developmental psychology.

Question 16

Juanita notes that some days with her baby are harder than others."When I'm rested,he laughs and plays,and then I feel even better.But when I'm tired,it seems that he is crankier than ever,and then I get even crankier,and it just gets worse and worse!" These differences are the result of:

Accepted Answer

The concept of reciprocal socialization refers to how children and parents mutually influence each other's behavior. In this case, Juanita's tiredness may make her less responsive to her baby's needs, which in turn may make the baby crankier. On the other hand, when she is rested, she may be better able to engage with her baby, leading to more positive interactions. This reciprocal relationship can affect the child's social and emotional development.

Question 17

Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best exemplifies the...

Question 18

The results of the large National Longitudinal Study of Child Care indicate that:

Accepted Answer

The National Longitudinal Study of Child Care found that the influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of day care. This means that there is no evidence to suggest that extensive use of day care hurts parent-child relationships. However, the study does not provide evidence about the influence of day care on parent-child relationships when that relationship is dysfunctional, so option D cannot be considered the best choice. Option C also cannot be considered the best choice because it suggests that there is insufficient evidence to determine whether or not extensive use of day care affects parent-child relationships, when in fact the study found that it does not.

Question 19

Which of the following pairs is correct?

Accepted Answer

Insecure avoidant infants are characterized by a lack of attachment to their caregivers, and they often avoid contact with them. Rejecting parenting is characterized by a lack of warmth and affection from the caregiver, and it can lead to insecure avoidant attachment in infants.

Question 20

Mary often plays the game peek-a-boo with her baby.Initially,Mary covers her baby and then removes the cover,registering "surprise" at the baby's reappearance.After a time,her baby does the covering and uncovering.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Mary is providing scaffolding for her baby's development by initially demonstrating the game and then allowing the baby to take over the roles of covering and uncovering. This helps the baby learn and practice new skills. Option A, Object permanence, refers to the understanding that an object still exists even when it is out of sight. Option C, attachment, refers to the emotional bond between a caregiver and child. Option D, sociability, refers to the tendency to enjoy being with others and seek out social interaction. While sociability may play a role in the game of peek-a-boo, it is not the most relevant concept being demonstrated here.

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Reciprocal socialization is ,whereas scaffolding is .