Question 1

An individual is working outside during the summer and is not taking time to drink fluids to replenish water lost through moderate sweating.Explain how will his body respond to this situation to avoid dehydration.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An individual is working outside during the...

Question 2

Explain why infants suffer dehydration far more easily than adults.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain why infants suffer dehydration far more...

Question 3

Most buffer systems in the body consist of

Accepted Answer

A buffer system is composed of a weak acid (which can donate a proton) and its salt (which can accept a proton). This type of system can prevent sudden changes in pH by either releasing or accepting protons. A weak base alone cannot function as a buffer.

Question 4

Which of the following chemicals is considered to be a volatile acid?

Accepted Answer

The chemical H₂CO₃ is hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in aqueous solution, which can dissociate to form H+ ions, making it a volatile acid. The other options listed are not volatile acids. Hemoglobin is a protein and calcitriol is a hormone derived from vitamin D.

Question 5

Which protein is the main protein buffer in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Albumin is the main protein buffer in blood plasma, as it can bind both acidic and basic compounds and help to maintain a stable pH in the blood. Hemoglobin is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood, while complement is a group of proteins involved in the immune response. Fibrin is a protein involved in blood clotting, and calmodulin is a protein involved in calcium signaling. None of these proteins have a significant buffering capacity in the blood.

Question 6

Which of the following is the most plentiful buffer in the tubular fluid of the kidney collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the most...

Question 7

Hyperaldosteronism is known to cause hypertension (high blood pressure).Explain why this occurs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hyperaldosteronism is known to cause hypertension (high...

Question 8

Weakness,irritability,tetany,delirium,convulsions and several other signs and symptoms from hypomagnesemia may be associated with an individual who is

Accepted Answer

Hypomagnesemia, characterized by low levels of magnesium in the blood, can be associated with alcoholism due to poor dietary intake and increased urinary excretion, malnutrition due to inadequate intake, and diabetes due to increased urinary loss of magnesium.

Question 9

Which cells of the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Intercalated cells in the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids. They have the ability to secrete and reabsorb hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-), which helps to maintain the pH balance in the body. The two types of intercalated cells, type A and type B, have different functions in regulating pH. Type A cells secrete H+ ions and absorb HCO3- ions, while type B cells absorb H+ ions and secrete HCO3- ions.

Question 10

Which condition may result in respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A cerebrovascular accident (stroke) can lead to hyperventilation, which decreases CO2 levels and causes respiratory alkalosis.

Question 11

Which cation and two anions are present in the highest quantities in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Sodium and chloride are the most abundant cation and anion respectively in the extracellular fluid. Bicarbonate is also present in significant amounts in the extracellular fluid, making A the best choice as it includes all three of these ions. Calcium and phosphate are more abundant in the bones, and potassium is the most abundant intracellular cation. Sulphate and protein anions are present in lower quantities in the extracellular fluid.

Question 12

Metabolic acidosis may develop following which situations? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis can develop due to a severe gastrointestinal virus (through loss of bicarbonate in diarrhea), diabetic ketoacidosis (due to accumulation of ketones), and renal dysfunction (due to decreased acid excretion).

Question 13

The body uses aldosterone to retain sodium.This hormone has the reverse effect on another mineral or compound.This mineral or compound is

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone causes the retention of sodium but the excretion of potassium. This helps to maintain the balance of these two electrolytes in the body.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that maintains pH of body fluids?

Accepted Answer

All the options listed (buffer systems, proteins, phosphates, carbonic acid-bicarbonate) are mechanisms that help maintain the pH of body fluids.

Question 15

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypoventilation due to emphysema is a common cause of respiratory acidosis as it leads to an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood, resulting in an increase in acidity. Option A is incorrect as it describes metabolic acidosis, not respiratory acidosis. Option B is incorrect as vomiting leads to loss of acid, not accumulation. Option C is incorrect as hyperventilation leads to a decrease in carbon dioxide levels, causing respiratory alkalosis, not respiratory acidosis. Option E is incorrect as not all options are correct.

Question 16

Infants experience more problems with acid-base homeostasis and fluid and electrolyte balance based on which of the following:

Accepted Answer

Infants experience more problems with acid-base homeostasis and fluid and electrolyte balance due to a combination of factors including proportion and distribution of water, metabolic rate, body surface area, and breathing rate. All of these factors contribute to the challenges that infants face in maintaining homeostasis.

Question 17

Older adults are susceptible to several different pathologies.The may experience [dropdown 1] due to the chronic use of laxatives to relieve constipation and also [dropdown 2] because their lungs and kidneys do not function at sufficient levels to avoid this imbalance.
Dropdown 1 choices:
hyponatremia
hypernatremia
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
acidosis
Dropdown 2 choices:
hyponatremia
hypernatremia
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
acidosis

Accepted Answer

The answer of Older adults are susceptible to several different...

Quiz 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acidbase Homeostasis