Question 1

Influence is a component of the implementation of power in ethical decision making. Which of the following is not an ethical use of influence?

Accepted Answer

Misleading others about your future intentions is not an ethical use of influence as it violates the principle of honesty and transparency. The other options involve using influence in an ethical manner by negotiating in an ethical way, adjusting viewpoints through mutual agreement, and using nonverbal methods to present evidence to change a viewpoint.

Question 2

The Wagner Act was passed in_____________ to protect the rights of workers and allow them to organize into unions.

Accepted Answer

The Wagner Act or the National Labor Relations Act was passed in 1935 as part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal program. It aimed to protect the rights of workers to form and join unions, engage in collective bargaining, and go on strike if necessary. The Act created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to oversee and enforce these rights for workers. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 3

In the Milgram study of 1963, what proportion of volunteers would have obeyed the instruction to "kill" the subject?

Accepted Answer

According to the Milgram study, about 65% of participants were willing to administer what they believed to be lethal shocks to another person when instructed to do so by an authority figure. This study is often cited as evidence of the power of situational factors in shaping human behavior.

Question 4

The individual acts based on what is expected of him or her by others in which of the following stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

The stage of interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectations is characterized by a concern for social norms and expectations. Individuals at this stage act based on what is expected of them by others and seek to maintain social harmony and acceptance.

Question 5

The individual is governed by his or her own chosen ethical principles in which of the following stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

The individual is governed by his or her own chosen ethical principles in the final and highest stage of moral development, which is universal ethical principles. In this stage, individuals develop a sense of ethics and morality based on their own principles of justice and equity, rather than external factors such as laws or societal norms. This stage is considered the most mature stage of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory.

Question 6

The Texas Instruments Code of Ethical Conduct includes three of the following elements. Which one is not included?

Accepted Answer

The Texas Instruments Code of Ethical Conduct includes the questions of legality (A) and alignment with company values (B). However, it does not focus on personal benefits (C). The last option (D) is not one of the elements listed in the Code of Ethical Conduct.

Question 7

Which of the following components of moral intensity relates to the decision maker's perception of the probability that the act will take place and the probability that harm or benefit will occur consequently?

Accepted Answer

The component of moral intensity that relates to the decision maker's perception of the probability that the act will take place and the probability that harm or benefit will occur consequently is called the probability of effect. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Question 8

In which of the following stages of moral development does the individual make moral decisions based on the consequences and repercussions of their actions?

Accepted Answer

In the "Obedience and punishment orientation" stage, individuals make moral decisions based on the consequences and repercussions of their actions, focusing on avoiding punishment.

Question 9

Which of the following is not one of the elements of ethics?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not one...

Question 10

Actions which the decision maker cannot change are called

Accepted Answer

Nondiscretionary actions are actions that are required by law, regulation, or contractual obligation and cannot be changed by the decision maker. Rigid actions and inflexible actions may not necessarily be mandated by external factors and may be able to be changed by the decision maker. Discretionary actions refer to actions that are optional and within the decision maker's control.

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the three categories of moral luck?

Accepted Answer

The three categories of moral luck are resultant luck, circumstantial luck, and constitutive luck. "Virtual luck" is not a category of moral luck.

Question 12

______________ refers to the individual's perception of how much control he or she has over an activity of event.

Accepted Answer

Locus of control refers to an individual's belief about the extent to which they have control over their life events. It can be categorized as internal or external. People with an internal locus of control believe that they have control over their own lives and outcomes, while people with an external locus of control believe that external factors such as luck or other people's actions have a greater impact on their lives than their own. Ego strength refers to the individual's ability to cope with stress and anxiety, field dependence refers to the extent to which a person relies on external cues to make decisions, and resultant luck is not a recognized psychological concept.

Question 13

Which is not a trait of the perfect leader according to Machiavelli?

Accepted Answer

Machiavelli believed that a leader should be able to manipulate, act boldly, and act stealthily, but he did not believe in negotiating in an ethical manner. Machiavelli believed that the end justifies the means and that a leader should do whatever it takes to maintain power and control.

Question 14

______________ is based on the background, family support system, and life experiences a person has before the moral decision is made.

Accepted Answer

Constitutive luck refers to the factors that are beyond our control, such as one's family background or life experiences, which may influence the moral decision made. Thus, Constitutive luck is the best choice among the given options.

Question 15

In which of the following stages of moral development is the belief that since individuals have a different set of values, it is important to view rules relative to the group, which must accept them?

Accepted Answer

This stage, "Social contract and individual rights," reflects Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where individuals recognize that laws and rules are based on social agreements and can vary from society to society. It emphasizes the importance of individual rights and the principle that laws and rules can be changed if they do not serve the community's best interests. This stage moves beyond the earlier stages' focus on personal consequences, social approval, or conventional order to a higher understanding of the relativity of rules and the importance of mutual agreement in creating fair systems.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a measure of moral intensity?

Accepted Answer

Social status is not a measure of moral intensity. The other three - social consensus, probability of effect, and temporal immediacy - are all factors that can influence the perceived moral intensity of a particular situation or decision.

Question 17

______________ is the strength of conviction or self-regulation by the individual.

Accepted Answer

Ego strength refers to an individual's ability to withstand stress and resist impulses, indicating the strength of their convictions and self-regulation. Field dependence refers to the extent to which an individual relies on external cues for information, while locus of control refers to an individual's perception of control over their own life events. Resultant luck is not a recognized term in psychology.

Question 18

Actions that a decision maker can compromise within established boundaries are called

Accepted Answer

Discretionary actions refer to decisions that can be made within established boundaries or guidelines, allowing decision makers some flexibility or discretion. Compromising actions refer to reaching a middle ground or agreement between parties, while negotiated actions involve bargaining or reaching a mutually beneficial agreement. Stakeholder actions refer to decisions made with consideration for the interests of various stakeholders involved. Out of these options, only discretionary actions fit the description given in the question.

Question 19

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was located in _____________.

Accepted Answer

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was located in Manhattan, New York City.

Question 20

______________ refers to the degree in which society would agree that the act is either good or evil.

Accepted Answer

Social consensus refers to the general agreement or shared belief among members of a society regarding the morality or acceptability of a particular behavior or action. It is an important factor in determining the ethicality of an act, as actions that are widely regarded as good are more likely to be considered ethical.

Quiz 7: Decision Making and Human Resource Issues