Question 1

The tendency to remember the items that came at the end of a presented list is called the ________ effect.
A)recency
B)primacy
C)locus
D)semantic

Accepted Answer

The tendency to remember the items that came at the end of a presented list is referred to as the recency effect. This is because items that are presented last are still fresh in our short-term memory, which is responsible for recalling information that we have recently encountered. On the other hand, the primacy effect pertains to the tendency to remember the first few items in a list, as they have had more time to be processed and consolidated into long-term memory.

Question 2

An important criticism of the levels-of-processing model is that it is
A)an extraordinary claim that is unsupported by research.
B)an incomplete explanation of the working of memory.
C)unfalsifiable.
D)unsupported by research data.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An important criticism of the levels-of-processing model...

Question 3

Lori is reading over the teams that have won the Australian Football League (AFL)premiership since 1980. His recall of the first nine and last nine premiers at significantly higher rates than the ten premiers in the middle would clearly demonstrate the ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lori is reading over the teams that...

Question 4

The levels-of-processing model proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972)has been criticised because it is really impossible to determine how deeply a memory has been processed, so there is no way to truly and scientifically prove or disprove the theory. This should remind you of which principle of critical thinking noted in your text?
A)Falsifiability
B)Extraordinary claims
C)Ruling out rival hypotheses
D)Correlation versus causation

Accepted Answer

The principle of falsifiability states that a theory must be able to be tested and potentially proven false through empirical evidence. Since the levels-of-processing model cannot be truly tested or proven false, it violates this principle of critical thinking.

Question 5

All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of her number on the drive home is one example of
A)chunking.
B)the power of suggestion.
C)rehearsal.
D)transference of memory.

Accepted Answer

Pedro's mental repetition of Samantha's telephone number on the drive home is an example of rehearsal, a cognitive process that involves repeating information over and over in order to remember it better. This process is often used to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Question 6

Which of the following is likely to be stored in long-term memory?
A)The phone number of a new girl in town that your friend just gave you
B)The phone number from your last home address
C)The phone number of a moving company that you just saw advertised on their truck
D)The phone number on the billboard that you just passed while driving at 65 miles per hour on the highway

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory involves the storage of information that is intended to be retained for an extended period of time. The phone number from your last home address is likely to have been stored in your long-term memory through frequent use over a longer period of time compared to the other options. The other options involve new or less frequently encountered information that is less likely to have been stored in long-term memory.

Question 7

When calling for directory assistance, operators used to tell their customers to "Have a nice day" after providing them with a phone number. As a consequence, many people forgot the number they were just given. What is the most likely explanation?
A)The customers were not paying attention to the number they were given.
B)The customers were prevented from engaging in immediate rehearsal.
C)The customers failed to engage in elaborative rehearsal.
D)The phone number exceeded the capacity of their short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Immediate rehearsal is important for transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory. The interruption caused by the operator's farewell prevented customers from engaging in immediate rehearsal, making it harder for them to remember the number given.

Question 8

The memory system with the largest storage capacity is ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The memory system with the largest storage...

Question 9

In his research on long-term memory, psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined
A)consistently the longer ago the information was learned and used.
B)markedly for about two years, but only gradually thereafter.
C)significantly for about one year, but then reverses and long-term memory increases.
D)slowly, if at all.

Accepted Answer

According to Bahrick's research, memory declined significantly for about two years but then only gradually declined thereafter. This suggests that older memories are generally more resistant to decay than newer memories.

Question 10

According to the levels-of-processing model, which pair of words should be the easiest to remember?
A)Football-Baseball
B)Plain-Train
C)Rake-Snake
D)Gillard-Abbott

Accepted Answer

The levels-of-processing model suggests that deeper, semantic processing leads to better memory retention. "Gillard-Abbott" involves deeper processing as it requires understanding the relationship between the two names, which are associated with Australian politics, rather than just phonetic or visual similarities.

Question 11

Just before taking your French I exam, you were reviewing five terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the
A)primacy effect.
B)recency effect.
C)serial position effect.
D)von Restorff effect.

Accepted Answer

The recency effect refers to the tendency to remember the most recently learned information more easily, which explains why the terms you reviewed just before the exam were easier to recall.

Question 12

When a student is attempting to bring an answer to an exam question from their memory, they are attempting to access their ________-term memory storage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a student is attempting to bring...

Question 13

Who is most likely to obtain the top score on the vocabulary test?
A)James, who made flash cards of all his words and is going over and over them.
B)Cynthia, who has written down each word and definition five times in her notebook.
C)Ryan, who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word.
D)Harriet, who says the words and definitions over and over to herself all day long.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who is most likely to obtain the...

Question 14

Elaborative rehearsal involves
A)synthesising the information to be remembered in a meaningful way.
B)decreasing the complexity of the information to be remembered.
C)increasing the complexity of the information to be remembered.
D)linking the information to be remembered to other information.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Elaborative rehearsal involves
A)synthesising the information to be...

Question 15

Liv has just seen a commercial advertising a fancy kind of make-up that she would like to buy. She does not have a pen or a piece of paper to write down the telephone number, so she repeats to herself over and over again while she runs into the kitchen to find the telephone. Liv is currently using the process of ________ rehearsal to keep the telephone number active in her short-term memory.
A)distributed
B)elaborative
C)maintenance
D)semantic

Accepted Answer

Liv is repeating the telephone number to herself in order to maintain it in her short-term memory, which is an example of maintenance rehearsal. Distributed rehearsal involves spreading out studying over time, elaborative rehearsal involves making connections to pre-existing knowledge, and semantic rehearsal involves encoding information based on its meaning.

Question 16

On the first day of class, Sheila asked her lecturer the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, "Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts". The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing.
A)phonological
B)semantic
C)verbal
D)visual

Accepted Answer

The instructor is suggesting that students focus on understanding the meaning of terms and concepts, which aligns with semantic processing. Phonological processing involves paying attention to the sound of words, verbal processing involves using words to aid memory, and visual processing involves using images to aid memory. While all of these may play a role in learning, the instructor's advice specifically targets semantic processing.

Question 17

According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store, you would most easily recall those items
A)from early in the list.
B)in the middle of the list.
C)from the end of the list.
D)that are most distinctive.

Accepted Answer

The primacy effect states that we are more likely to remember items that come earlier in a list rather than those that come later. In this case, the items mentioned at the beginning of the list would be better recalled than those towards the end.

Question 18

To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would be most likely to highlight the use of
A)eidetic memory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)rote memorisation.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves actively connecting new information with existing knowledge and associations, leading to better retention and retrieval of the information. This is considered a more effective method than maintenance rehearsal, which simply involves repeating information without making meaningful connections or associations. Eidetic memory is rare and not considered a reliable strategy for most individuals, and rote memorization may not encourage deep processing or understanding of the material.

Question 19

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?
A)Flashbulb memory
B)Long-term memory
C)Sensory memory
D)Short-term memory

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory has the largest span and longest duration. It is capable of storing vast amounts of information for an extended period of time, sometimes even a lifetime. Flashbulb memory is a type of long-term memory associated with emotionally significant events, but it does not have a larger span or longer duration than standard long-term memory. Sensory memory and short-term memory both have limited capacity and duration.

Question 20

Which of the following comparisons between long-term and short-term memory is TRUE?
A)The duration of long-term memory is significantly shorter than that of short-term memory.
B)The mistakes made in long-term memory are different from those made in short-term memory.
C)The mistakes made in long-term memory are the same as those made in short-term memory.
D)The storage capacity of long-term memory is significantly smaller than that of short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

The mistakes made in long-term memory are different from those made in short-term memory. This is because long-term memory involves the encoding and storage of information over an extended period of time, while short-term memory is a temporary storage of information that is necessary for immediate use. The types of errors that occur in each type of memory can be different due to the different ways in which the information is processed and stored.

Quiz 7: Memory

The tendency to remember the items that came at the end of a presented list is called the ________ effect.

An important criticism of the levels-of-processing model is that it is

Lori is reading over the teams that have won the Australian Football League (AFL)premiership since 1980. His recall of the first nine and last nine premiers at significantly higher rates than the ten premiers in the middle would clearly demonstrate the ________.

All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of her number on the drive home is one example of

Which of the following is likely to be stored in long-term memory?

When calling for directory assistance, operators used to tell their customers to "Have a nice day" after providing them with a phone number. As a consequence, many people forgot the number they were just given. What is the most likely explanation?

The memory system with the largest storage capacity is ________.

In his research on long-term memory, psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined

According to the levels-of-processing model, which pair of words should be the easiest to remember?

Just before taking your French I exam, you were reviewing five terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the

When a student is attempting to bring an answer to an exam question from their memory, they are attempting to access their ________-term memory storage.

Who is most likely to obtain the top score on the vocabulary test?

Elaborative rehearsal involves

On the first day of class, Sheila asked her lecturer the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, "Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts". The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing.

According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store, you would most easily recall those items

To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would be most likely to highlight the use of

What system of memory has the largest span and longest duration?

Which of the following comparisons between long-term and short-term memory is TRUE?