Social scientists of the late nineteenth century often demonstrated through their experimentation the exact opposite of what they were attempting to prove: they would generally show that human beings were:

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The sentence states that social scientists of the late nineteenth century often demonstrated through their experimentation the exact opposite of what they were attempting to prove. Therefore, if they were trying to prove that humans were rational or the product of heredity, for example, they would demonstrate the opposite of that. The sentence does not provide evidence to support the ideas that humans are the product of their environment or a blank slate at birth. However, it does suggest that social scientists were attempting to prove something about human nature through their experimentation.

Social Scientists of the Late Nineteenth Century Often Demonstrated Through