Question 1

The main problem with the fee-for-service model is that doctors have an incentive to:

Accepted Answer

In the fee-for-service model, doctors are paid for each individual service or procedure they provide. This creates an incentive for doctors to see patients more frequently than necessary or to order unnecessary tests or procedures in order to increase their payment. Therefore, the correct choice is D - have patients return for unnecessary visits.

Question 2

Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than other minority groups in the United States.This is most likely attributable to:

Accepted Answer

The most likely reason for lower infant mortality rates in Asians compared to other minority groups in the United States is their higher socioeconomic status. Higher income and education levels enable better access to healthcare, nutrition, and healthier living conditions, which can positively impact infant health outcomes.

Question 3

The "drift explanation" of the relationship between health and socioeconomic status (SES)states that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The "drift explanation" of the relationship between...

Question 4

Which federal government program for children matches the state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds?

Accepted Answer

The State Children's Health Insurance Plan (SCHIP) matches state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds. Medicaid and Medicare are federal government programs, but they do not match state funding in the same way as SCHIP. HMOs are not a federal government program for children.

Question 5

Dr.Chan works in reproductive medicine and notices how new technologies have increased the number of fetuses in pregnancies,creating higher risks for the fetuses and for the mothers both before and after birth.Dr.Chan consults with his professional peers regularly about the major ethical issues emerging as these new technologies develop.The most important ethical issue currently is determining whether:

Accepted Answer

The major ethical issue in this scenario is determining whether some embryos should be terminated to reduce the risks associated with multiple pregnancies. This is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of the potential benefits and drawbacks of such a decision. Additionally, government programs, funding, and access to technology for certain groups are important ethical considerations, but they are not as pressing as the issue of embryo termination.

Question 6

Michael is a case manager for a group home.Stan is a man with severe developmental disabilities who lives at the group home.Michael needs to seek medical coverage for Stan.Which government program will Michael likely seek out?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Michael is a case manager for a...

Question 7

When it comes to health care,Western societies:

Accepted Answer

Western societies are generally reactive when it comes to health care, meaning that people tend to seek care only when they feel sick or have symptoms. This is in contrast to proactive approaches that involve preventative care and addressing health issues before they become serious. Additionally, while some countries have universal health care systems, not all Western societies offer this type of care. Homeopathy and acupuncture are considered alternative forms of medicine and are not dominant in Western societies.

Question 8

Under HMOs,doctors usually don't get more money each time a patient comes in,so the incentive might be to:

Accepted Answer

Under HMOs, doctors are paid a fixed amount per patient, regardless of how often the patient visits or the type of care they need. This creates an incentive for doctors to avoid costly treatments or tests and to provide minimal care instead. Undertreating patients can save the doctors time and money, but it can also harm the patient's health in the long run.

Question 9

Enoch is an 80-year-old man who receives moderate Social Security funds and works part-time bagging groceries.Adolph,an 80-year-old man with more Social Security funds,has no need to work.Sociological research predicts that:

Accepted Answer

Sociological research suggests that social interaction benefits of working may positively impact physical and mental health, potentially leading to a longer life for individuals who work, such as Enoch. Adolph's financial stability may provide him with greater access to health-related goods and services, but this may not be as significant a factor in prolonging his life as the benefits of social interaction gained from working. Option C is not supported by research, and option D perpetuates harmful stereotypes regarding low-income individuals.

Question 10

Hypertension is directly related to stress,which can be attributed to being poor.However,poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans.What could explain this?

Accepted Answer

Discrimination and systemic racism can still cause stress and contribute to hypertension, even among middle- and upper-class African Americans. While socioeconomic status is important for health outcomes, it is not the only factor at play. Hypertension is also related to stress and genetics, but the impact of discrimination cannot be overlooked.

Question 11

When Susie takes up smoking,the cost of her insurance coverage goes up.This is a result of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of risk adjustment, where an individual's risk factors (such as smoking) are taken into account when determining the cost of insurance coverage. The higher risk of potential health issues associated with smoking results in a higher cost for insurance coverage.

Question 12

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

Accepted Answer

Medicaid is the government program that provides health insurance for the poor, whereas Blue Cross, Medicare, and HMOs are all health insurance options but do not specifically cater to the needs of the poor.

Question 13

Amira is an obstetrician who regularly tests for developmental abnormalities in fetuses in her Chicago practice and believes it promotes better outcomes for mothers and infants.She is planning a year of professional service in India and is concerned that in that social context,closely examining a fetus while a woman is pregnant may:

Accepted Answer

In India, there is a cultural preference for male offspring, and sex-selective abortions are a common practice. Amira's concern about promoting abortions of female fetuses is valid, as closely examining a fetus for developmental abnormalities could also reveal the sex of the fetus. This information could lead to families choosing to abort females, perpetuating the social injustice of gender-based discrimination.

Question 14

The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class,and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle,is called:

Accepted Answer

The psychosocial explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health suggests that the stressors experienced by individuals in lower social classes can have negative impacts on their physical and mental health. These stressors may include financial strain, job insecurity, and a lack of social support. This perspective emphasizes the psychological and social factors that can contribute to health disparities, rather than just biological or individual-level factors.

Question 15

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a result of:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that social inequality, including disparities in access to healthcare, education, and economic resources, plays a significant role in the longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites. While genetics may also be a factor, it is not the primary explanation for this disparity. Birth order and the height of the father are not relevant factors in this context.

Question 16

While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians,they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

Accepted Answer

HMOs operate on a capitated payment system, which means that physicians are given a set amount of money to care for each patient. In some cases, this can create an incentive to undertreat patients in order to save money. This could be detrimental to the patient's health.

Question 17

Jane does a study of illness rates and how they vary by gender.She is studying ________ rates.

Accepted Answer

Morbidity rates refer to the incidence of illness or disease within a population, which is what Jane is studying. Mortality rates refer to deaths, acuteness does not accurately describe illness rates, and sickness is a general term that does not specifically refer to rates.

Question 18

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

Accepted Answer

The best choice is C because underlying personality differences may have impacted both occupational status and health outcomes, which the Whitehall researchers did not fully address in their study. The other choices (family income, heredity, and birth order) were not major factors in the Whitehall Study as the researchers had controlled for these variables.

Question 19

Morbidity means ________; mortality means ________.

Accepted Answer

Morbidity refers to the rate or number of individuals who are affected by a particular illness or disease, whereas mortality refers to the rate or number of deaths that occur due to a particular illness or disease. Therefore, choice B is the most appropriate answer.

Question 20

Liam is a sociologist studying which factors determine health outcomes.He is doing a study that will refine the outcomes of the Whitehall Study.Thus,he looks at differences in health outcomes between the following groups:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Liam is a sociologist studying which factors...

Quiz 11: Health and Society