Question 1

Caden was overjoyed when he learned that he was accepted into a top business school.His heart rate and blood pressure increased,and he started to breathe more rapidly.According to the James-Lange theory of emotion:

Accepted Answer

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, physiological changes lead to the conscious experience of emotions. In this case, Caden's physiological changes, such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and rapid breathing, led him to consciously experience happiness upon learning of his acceptance to a top business school.

Question 2

That different emotions can lead to similar types of physiological responses is a problem for which theory of emotion?

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion hypothesizes that physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion, and that different emotions are distinguishable based on the unique pattern of physiological responses they elicit. Therefore, the idea that different emotions can lead to similar types of physiological responses is a problem for the James-Lange theory.

Question 3

The body changes that occur during arousal are mediated by the:

Accepted Answer

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling the involuntary physiological responses of the body, including those that occur during sexual arousal. This includes changes in heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and other physical responses.

Question 4

Based on the two-factor theory of emotion,if you want your date to become very attracted to you,you should:

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal must be interpreted and labeled in order for an emotion to be experienced. A roller coaster ride would provide a lot of physiological arousal, which could then be interpreted as excitement or attraction towards the person you are with. This could potentially lead to an increase in attraction towards the person on the date.

Question 5

During a state of arousal:

Accepted Answer

During a state of arousal, the sympathetic nervous system becomes activated, which can inhibit pain signals and suppress the sensation of pain. This is a survival mechanism that would allow someone to continue fighting or fleeing from a threat without being hindered by pain.

Question 6

Nonhuman animals have:

Accepted Answer

Nonhuman animals have been shown to have behavioral responses to pleasant and unpleasant tastes, indicating that they can experience some form of pleasure and aversion. While there is ongoing debate and research on the full range of emotions experienced by nonhuman animals, it is generally accepted that they do experience fear and may also experience other emotions such as happiness, sadness, and anger. However, it is not accurate to say that they experience all the same emotions that humans do, as there may be cultural and cognitive differences in emotional experience between species. There is also evidence of nonhuman animals exhibiting expressions of joy, such as when playing or socializing.

Question 7

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion:

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that physiological arousal precedes the experience of an emotion, and that it is our awareness of bodily responses that triggers emotional feelings. In other words, the bodily responses associated with an emotion lead to the conscious feeling of that emotion. Therefore, option B is the correct choice.

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding emotions in nonhuman animals?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the biological responses made in emotional situations are similar in humans and nonhuman animals, indicating that emotions are a shared evolutionary trait.

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding emotions?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there are certain basic emotions that are universally recognized and expressed similarly across cultures, suggesting that emotions may be hardwired. However, the degree to which emotions are expressed may vary depending on cultural norms and social expectations. A and D are incorrect because there is evidence to suggest that there are some universal emotional experiences, and while there may be cultural differences in the intensity or expression of these emotions, the core emotions themselves are not drastically different. B is incorrect because while cross-cultural recognition of emotions may be influenced by cultural differences in facial expressions, research has shown that people are generally able to recognize basic emotions in the faces of individuals from other cultures.

Question 10

When researchers injected participants with a stress hormone that increases arousal,and then put them in a room with a person who acted either irritated or joyful,they found that the participants reported feeling:

Accepted Answer

The participants reported feeling the same emotion as the other person in the room because humans tend to mirror the emotions of those around them, a phenomenon known as emotional contagion.

Question 11

Holding a pencil between your teeth,so that you are "smiling," can increase feelings of happiness.This is consistent with the predictions of which theory?

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory proposes that emotions arise from our bodily responses to stimuli, so holding a pencil in the mouth to create a smile can stimulate positive emotions. The Cannon-Bard theory, on the other hand, suggests that emotions and bodily reactions happen simultaneously and independently of one another, so this theory wouldn't predict the effect of holding a pencil in the mouth.

Question 12

A rat that is placed in a pool of water can learn to locate and climb onto a submerged platform in order to get out of the water.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

The rat is learning to escape from the water through a conditioned response (locating and climbing onto the platform). Additionally, learned helplessness is the opposite of this situation - if a rat has repeatedly failed to escape from the water or experienced no control over their environment, they may give up and demonstrate learned helplessness. Conditioned avoidance would involve learning to avoid a particular stimulus (such as an electric shock) in order to stay out of the water. Perseveration refers to a behavior where an animal repeats a certain action, often due to neurological issues, and is not applicable in this situation.

Question 13

According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning,the first stage of avoidance learning involves _____ and then the avoidance response involves _____.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of avoidance learning proposes that the first stage of avoidance learning involves classical conditioning of the conditioned emotional response (fear) to the conditioned stimulus (CS). The second stage involves reinforcement of avoidance behavior that reduces the fear response (i.e., avoidance of the fear CR). Therefore, choice C correctly identifies the first and second stages of avoidance learning. Choices A and D are incorrect because they both focus on reinforcement of escaping the US as a key factor in avoidance learning, which is not part of the two-factor theory. Choice B is incorrect because it incorrectly suggests that the avoidance response involves reinforcement of escaping the CS, rather than avoidance of the fear response to the CS.

Question 14

The fear response involves _____ reactions.

Accepted Answer

The fear response involves a combination of physiological reactions, such as changes in heart rate and breathing, motor reactions, such as freezing or fleeing, and conscious reactions such as feeling afraid or anxious. Therefore, the best choice is D) a combination of physiological, motor, and conscious reactions.

Question 15

Whenever a child has a tantrum,his mother has learned to put the child in his bedroom and closes the door in order to get away from his yelling and screaming.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of conditioned escape because the mother is removing herself from the unpleasant situation (the child's tantrum) to reduce her own discomfort, which reinforces her behavior of putting the child in the bedroom.

Question 16

Physiological responses that correlate with the emotion of fear:

Accepted Answer

Physiological responses such as increased heart rate, breathing rate, and cortisol levels are present in both humans and non-human animals when they experience fear. These consistent responses suggest that emotions do exist in non-human animals.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

Accepted Answer

A conditioned emotional response is when an emotional response is learned through association with a particular stimulus. In option A, the rat has learned to freeze (an emotional response) in response to a tone that was previously paired with a shock, which is a classic example of a conditioned emotional response. Option B is simply a startle response to a sudden loud noise, not a learned association. Option C is a natural response to a predator, not a learned association. Option D is a physiological response to a shock, but not an emotional response that has been conditioned through association with a particular stimulus.

Question 18

When compared to conditioned responses that do not involve emotion,conditioned emotional responses:

Accepted Answer

Conditioned emotional responses are harder to extinguish as they involve an emotional component which is linked to the conditioning stimulus. This makes the association more robust and resistant to extinction when compared to conditioned responses that do not involve emotion. The other options listed are not true since conditioned emotional responses can often be learned with fewer pairings and can be reinstated easily after extinction.

Question 19

Noah once failed a class taught by a particular professor.He now refuses to take another class with that professor,and seeks out other professors who teach the classes he needs.Noah is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Noah is demonstrating conditioned avoidance, where he has learned to avoid a specific stimulus (the professor) that is associated with an unpleasant experience (failing a class). This behavior is a form of learning where he adapts to prevent experiencing a similar negative outcome in the future.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of an overt behavior caused by an emotion?

Accepted Answer

Keegan's loud scream is an overt behavior caused by the emotion of being startled by his brother.

Quiz 10: Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory