Question 1

Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association?
A) Participants may not withdraw once they start.
B) Participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research.
C) Participants cannot be subjected to any physically or emotionally painful stimuli.
D) Deception must be justified.

Accepted Answer

The common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association is that deception must be justified. This means that if researchers plan to deceive participants in any way, they must have a good reason for doing so, and the potential benefits of the study must outweigh any potential harm or discomfort caused by the deception. Other ethical guidelines suggested by the APA include obtaining informed consent from participants, protecting confidentiality, and avoiding any physical or emotional harm to participants. However, options A, B, and C are not necessarily true or accurate ethical guidelines.

Question 2

The philosopher John Locke stressed that all human knowledge arises from experience of the world and reflection about it.

Accepted Answer

This is a correct statement about John Locke's philosophy. He believed that the mind at birth was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa," and that all knowledge was derived from sensory experience and reflection on that experience. This concept is known as empiricism.

Question 3

At the end of an experiment, participants are interviewed about their experience in addition to receiving more information about the experiment. This interview and informational phase of the experiment is technically referred to as ________.
A) approval
B) debriefing
C) ethical evaluation
D) informed consent

Accepted Answer

The interview and informational phase that occurs at the end of an experiment is called debriefing. During this phase, the participant is given more information about the experiment, and their experience is discussed in greater detail. This is an essential part of ensuring that the participant has been treated ethically and that they fully understand the experiment's purpose and procedures.

Question 4

According to Freud, unconscious thoughts simply disappear in time.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that unconscious thoughts do not simply disappear on their own, but rather they must be brought to consciousness and analyzed in order to be properly dealt with. This process is central to psychoanalysis, the therapeutic approach he developed.

Question 5

Events at different levels of analysis are constantly interacting.

Accepted Answer

Events at different levels of analysis, such as individual, group, and societal levels, are interconnected and influence each other. For example, individual behavior can affect group dynamics and vice versa, while collective actions can shape social norms and institutions. Therefore, it is important to consider multiple levels of analysis when studying complex phenomena, such as human behavior and social change.

Question 6

The three levels of analysis in psychology are society, culture, and the person.

Accepted Answer

The three levels of analysis in psychology are actually biological, psychological, and social-cultural.

Question 7

The emphasis of overall patterns of thoughts and experiences is central to Gestalt psychology.

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology emphasizes the study of overall patterns of thoughts and experiences, rather than analyzing individual elements in isolation.

Question 8

In the phrase "survival of the fittest," the fittest are those who are the strongest.

Accepted Answer

In Darwin's theory of natural selection, the "fittest" are not necessarily the strongest, but rather those individuals who are best adapted to their environment and are able to successfully reproduce and pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring. Fitness in this context refers to reproductive success, not physical strength.

Question 9

Imagine you know a therapist, Dr. McClure, very well, and she has created a new type of therapy to treat anxiety. You have not been formally trained in this new type of therapy. Should you use her therapy with your clients?
A) Absolutely, if it provides the best chance for the client to improve!
B) Only if your client gives their informed consent.
C) Only if you consult a fellow psychologist about the matter and they give their approval.
D) Absolutely not!

Accepted Answer

Using a therapy you are not formally trained in can be unethical and potentially harmful to clients. Proper training and certification are necessary to ensure client safety and efficacy of treatment.

Question 10

Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association except ______.
A) participants must be informed of the nature of the research
B) participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment
C) risks and possible adverse effects must be spelled out in advance
D) participants must be debriefed after their contribution to the research is complete

Accepted Answer

Participants may be deceived or have information concealed from them if it is necessary for the research and if it will not harm the participant. However, this must be explained to the participant afterwards in the debriefing.

Question 11

A psychologist-client sexual relationship is _____________.
A) allowed assuming the client is not a minor
B) allowed assuming the client is not a minor and gives informed consent
C) allowed assuming the client is not a minor, gives informed consent, and is debriefed
D) unethical

Accepted Answer

Psychologist-client sexual relationships are strictly prohibited and considered unethical by professional codes of ethics, as well as state and federal laws. Such relationships can impair professional judgment and cause harm to clients, often resulting in lifelong emotional and psychological damage.

Question 12

Psychology is the science of mental processes and behavior.

Accepted Answer

Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior.

Question 13

Wundt characterized consciousness into sensations and feelings.

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of psychology as an experimental and scientific discipline, distinguished between two types of conscious experience - sensations and feelings.

Question 14

Which of the following is representative of a neuroethical issue?
A) Using interviews of friends and family of job applicants to determine whether applicants are suitable job candidates.
B) Using fingerprinting techniques to determine whether one is a suitable job candidate.
C) Using personality profiles to determine whether one is a suitable job candidate.
D) Using brain scanning techniques to determine whether one is a suitable job candidate.

Accepted Answer

Using brain scanning techniques to determine whether one is a suitable job candidate raises neuroethical concerns related to privacy, informed consent, and potential misuse of sensitive information.

Question 15

If you're a psychologist, what should you do if you have a client who says "I just feel like strangling my boss"?
A) Keep your client's feelings in confidence.
B) Call the proper authorities.
C) Notify your client's boss immediately.
D) Make a determination as to whether the patient can and will follow through.

Accepted Answer

As a psychologist, it is important to assess whether the client is a danger to themselves or others. In this case, the statement made by the client is a potential threat to their boss. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the client's intention and capability to carry out the act of strangling. If there is a likelihood that the client may harm their boss, it is important to take appropriate actions such as notifying the authorities or the employer. However, confidentiality should only be breached when it is essential to protect someone from harm.

Question 16

Neuroethics, a branch of ethics, focuses on _____________.
A) the possible risks and benefits of research looking at the level of the group
B) the possible benefits of research looking at both the level of the person and the group
C) the possible risks and benefits of research looking at both the level of the person and the group
D) the possible risks and benefits of research looking at the level of the brain

Accepted Answer

The answer of Neuroethics, a branch of ethics, focuses on...

Question 17

If your professor declares "There's no worth in studying mental processes to further psychology's progress," then he probably is a behaviorist in the tradition of B. F. Skinner.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism, particularly the radical behaviorism of B.F. Skinner, emphasizes the importance of observable behavior over mental processes such as thoughts and emotions. Thus, a professor who declares that studying mental processes is not worthwhile for psychology's progress is likely to be a behaviorist in the tradition of Skinner.

Question 18

Research with animals tends to focus on ________.
A) cognition
B) social behavior
C) understanding the brain
D) developmental milestones

Accepted Answer

Research with animals tends to focus on understanding the brain, as it allows scientists to study the brain in a controlled environment and to manipulate variables to better understand how the brain functions.

Question 19

Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct?
A) There are no ethical guidelines when it comes to animals.
B) There are rules that prevent the killing of animals.
C) Pain and suffering of animals are allowed but only when necessary.
D) New ethical guidelines prevent the use of primates in psychological research.

Accepted Answer

Pain and suffering of animals are permitted in scientific research, but only when necessary and with appropriate measures to minimize distress. There are ethical guidelines and regulations in place that outline the necessary steps and conditions for animal research. These guidelines aim to ensure that any research involving animals is conducted with the utmost care and consideration for the animals' welfare. While there has been increasing scrutiny and restrictions on the use of primates in research, there are still some circumstances in which they may be used.

Question 20

At the level of the brain, psychologists mainly focus on physiological factors.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists who focus on the brain typically investigate the physiological, or biological, factors that influence behavior and mental processes.

Quiz 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology: History and Research Methods

Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association?

The philosopher John Locke stressed that all human knowledge arises from experience of the world and reflection about it.

At the end of an experiment, participants are interviewed about their experience in addition to receiving more information about the experiment. This interview and informational phase of the experiment is technically referred to as ________.

According to Freud, unconscious thoughts simply disappear in time.

Events at different levels of analysis are constantly interacting.

The three levels of analysis in psychology are society, culture, and the person.

The emphasis of overall patterns of thoughts and experiences is central to Gestalt psychology.

In the phrase "survival of the fittest," the fittest are those who are the strongest.

Imagine you know a therapist, Dr. McClure, very well, and she has created a new type of therapy to treat anxiety. You have not been formally trained in this new type of therapy. Should you use her therapy with your clients?

Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association except ______.

A psychologist-client sexual relationship is _____________.

Psychology is the science of mental processes and behavior.

Wundt characterized consciousness into sensations and feelings.

Which of the following is representative of a neuroethical issue?

If you're a psychologist, what should you do if you have a client who says "I just feel like strangling my boss"?

Neuroethics, a branch of ethics, focuses on _____________.

If your professor declares "There's no worth in studying mental processes to further psychology's progress," then he probably is a behaviorist in the tradition of B. F. Skinner.

Research with animals tends to focus on ________.

Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct?

At the level of the brain, psychologists mainly focus on physiological factors.