Question 1

In the past,and in many developing countries today,men have been responsible for ____,whereas women have been responsible for ____.

Accepted Answer

In traditional societies, gender roles were often divided with men typically responsible for activities like hunting, fishing, and caring for domestic animals, while women were generally tasked with caring for young children, tending to crops, and managing household duties.

Question 2

Globally,parents in most places and times have been more worried that their children would become too ____ than that they would have ____ self-esteem,and have ____ self-inflation as part of family socialization.

Accepted Answer

The sentence structure implies that the first blank should be the opposite of the second blank. Therefore, the answer should be a combination of "selfish" and "low." Only option B fits this pattern. Option A has "independent" in both blanks, while option C has "independent" in the first blank and "low" in the second blank. Option D has "encouraged" in the third blank, which is not supported by the sentence.

Question 3

Collectivistic cultures promote ____,whereas individualistic cultures promote ____.

Accepted Answer

Collectivistic cultures, such as those found in Asia and Africa, emphasize social harmony, interdependence, and the needs of the group over those of the individual. As a result, individuals in such cultures tend to define themselves in relation to their social networks and group membership, and prioritize their obligations to family and community. In contrast, individualistic cultures, prevalent in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, emphasize individual freedom, autonomy, and self-expression. Individuals in such cultures tend to define themselves in terms of their own unique traits, achievements, and goals, and prioritize their personal needs and desires. Therefore, option B is the correct answer as it reflects the distinction between collectivistic and individualistic cultures.

Question 4

Who was the individual who first coined the term "self-esteem"?

Accepted Answer

William James is credited with coining the term "self-esteem" in his work in psychology, particularly in his principles of psychology where he discusses the concept of the self and its relation to self-esteem.

Question 5

In traditional cultures,gender-segregated play is a consequence of ____.

Accepted Answer

In traditional cultures, gender-segregated play is often a consequence of the gender-specific work that boys and girls perform. Boys may be expected to engage in activities like hunting or herding, while girls may be expected to engage in tasks like cooking or weaving. These different tasks could lead to gender-segregated play, as boys and girls may be occupied with different tasks during playtime.

Question 6

What is the type of self that is promoted by collectivistic cultures?

Accepted Answer

Collectivistic cultures emphasize on the importance of interdependence and the well-being of the group over the individual. Hence, they promote an interdependent self, which emphasizes on social harmony, cooperation, and belongingness to the group.

Question 7

Your 8 year-old daughter came home singing,"Girls go to college to get more knowledge,boys go to Jupiter to get more stupider." You thought that this was pretty funny,but did not say so.From your development course,you know that this behavior occurs ____.

Accepted Answer

This behavior is seen as a tentative first step toward romantic relationships that will occur later in adolescence. At this age, children often express interest in or curiosity about the opposite sex through playful teasing or chants, which is a normal part of social development.

Question 8

American children who are exposed to parenting that is critical and negative show what types of effects?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children who are exposed to parenting that is critical and negative are more likely to develop depression and perform poorly academically. They may also have lower self-esteem and struggle with social relationships.

Question 9

In collectivistic cultures,the emphasis is placed on ____.

Accepted Answer

In collectivistic cultures, emphasis is placed on the group's success, including the family, kinship group, and ethnic group. The success of the individual is not as valued as the success of the group as a whole.

Question 10

In an early study of 110 traditional cultures (Barry et al.,1957)and more recent analyses of gender socialization in traditional cultures (Banerjee,2005; LeVine,2008),boys were socialized to develop ____.

Accepted Answer

According to the studies mentioned, boys in traditional cultures are socialized to develop independence and toughness.

Question 11

In a study that examined gender roles in 12 traditional cultures,same-gender play groups occurred in about 30-40% of 2- to 3-year-olds,but occurred in what percentage in middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

In middle childhood, same-gender play groups significantly increase, with over 90% of children preferring to play in groups with peers of the same gender. This reflects the strengthening of gender roles and social preferences during this developmental stage.

Question 12

In discussing cultural differences in conceptions of the self,scholars typically distinguish between the ____ promoted by individualistic cultures and the ____ promoted by collectivistic cultures.

Accepted Answer

Scholars typically distinguish between the independent self promoted by individualistic cultures and the interdependent self promoted by collectivistic cultures. This refers to the degree to which individuals in a culture define themselves in terms of their individual qualities and achievements (independent self) versus their social relationships and obligations (interdependent self).

Question 13

Girls who are in middle childhood become more likely to define themselves in "feminine" terms such as "warm" and "compassionate," but they become no less likely to add "masculine" traits to their self-perceptions.How else might they describe themselves?

Accepted Answer

The passage states that girls in middle childhood become more likely to define themselves in "feminine" terms, but they become no less likely to add "masculine" traits to their self-perceptions. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that they might also describe themselves as forceful and self-reliant in addition to the feminine traits mentioned. Choices A, B, and C are all stereotypically gendered and not necessarily indicative of how girls in middle childhood actually describe themselves.

Question 14

In middle childhood,children become more capable of going about their daily activities without constant monitoring and control by others.They are better at functioning independently,with a little guidance from others,also called ____.

Accepted Answer

This is because when children become more capable of going about their daily activities without constant monitoring and control by others, they are better at functioning independently with a little guidance from others, which is called coregulation. Coregulation refers to a supportive partnership between children and adults where children gradually learn self-regulation skills while still benefiting from adult support and guidance.

Question 15

In modern developed countries,children's gender attitudes and behavior during middle childhood ____.

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, children's gender attitudes and behaviors often become more stereotyped as they internalize societal norms and expectations about gender roles.

Question 16

Which of the following terms was coined by William James in the late 19th century?

Accepted Answer

William James, a pioneering psychologist and philosopher, introduced the concept of "self-esteem" in the late 19th century as part of his broader work on psychology and the self.

Question 17

Most cultures' gender roles become more ____ during middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

Most cultures' gender roles become more divided during middle childhood, with girls being expected to conform to feminine ideals such as nurturing and emotional expressiveness, and boys being expected to conform to masculine ideals such as aggression and toughness. This is often reinforced by socialization through peers, media, and adults.

Question 18

In an early study of 110 traditional cultures (Barry et al.,1957)and more recent analyses of gender socialization in traditional cultures (Banerjee,2005; LeVine,2008),girls were socialized to develop ____.

Accepted Answer

Both Barry et al. (1957) and more recent analyses (Banerjee, 2005; LeVine, 2008) suggest that girls in traditional cultures are socialized to develop nurturance and compliance, rather than independence and toughness (C) or warmth and gentleness (D). While interdependence (A) may be valued in some traditional cultures, it is not specifically linked to the socialization of girls in these studies.

Question 19

What is the term used to describe the situation in which parents provide broad guidelines for behavior,but children themselves provide a substantial amount of independent,self-directed behavior?

Accepted Answer

Coregulation refers to a situation in which parents provide broad guidelines and support for behavior, but children are given some autonomy to make independent decisions and regulate their own behavior within those guidelines. This approach balances parental guidance with the child's individual needs for autonomy and self-direction. Cohabitation refers to living together in the same household, coparenting refers to the shared parenting responsibilities of two or more adults, and comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more medical conditions in a single individual. None of these terms is a good fit for the situation described in the question.

Question 20

According to the text,older siblings often help their younger siblings with ___________.

Accepted Answer

Older siblings often assist younger siblings with academic, peer, and parent issues, providing guidance and support in these areas.

Quiz 7: Middle Childhood

In the past,and in many developing countries today,men have been responsible for ,whereas women have been responsible for .

Globally,parents in most places and times have been more worried that their children would become too than that they would have self-esteem,and have self-inflation as part of family socialization.

Collectivistic cultures promote ,whereas individualistic cultures promote .