Question 1

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis.Which of the statements below do not represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?
A) The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pickup waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers.
B) The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.
C) The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis.
D) The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection.

Accepted Answer

The papillary layer's looseness and high surface area primarily facilitate nutrient delivery, waste removal, a strong connection between the dermis and epidermis, and immune surveillance by phagocytes. It does not directly facilitate the shedding of the dead cell layer of the epidermis, which is a process more associated with the properties and activities within the epidermis itself rather than the characteristics of the papillary layer of the dermis.

Question 2

The dermis has two major layers.Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
A) the papillary layer
B) the subcutaneous layer
C) the reticular layer
D) the hypodermal layer

Accepted Answer

The reticular layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin. The papillary layer is a thinner layer above the reticular layer, the subcutaneous layer is not part of the dermis but located underneath it, and there is no hypodermal layer.

Question 3

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
A) Pacinian corpuscle
B) Ruffini body
C) free nerve ending
D) tactile corpuscle

Accepted Answer

Tactile corpuscle is a skin sensory receptor for touch that is responsible for the ability to detect fine touch, pressure, and low frequency vibrations in the skin. The other options, Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini body, and free nerve ending, are also skin sensory receptors but they are responsible for detecting deep pressure, skin stretch, and pain respectively.

Question 4

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot,almost to the papillary region of the dermis.Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
A) basale
B) spinosum
C) lucidum
D) granulosum

Accepted Answer

The basale layer, also known as the stratum basale, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. Since the splinter penetrated almost to the papillary region of the dermis, it would have passed through all the superficial layers of the epidermis, making the basale layer the final one injured.

Question 5

The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but its beneficial functions differ.

Accepted Answer

While the action of the arrector pili muscle is similar in humans and other mammals (causing hairs to stand up and creating "goosebumps"), the beneficial functions of this reaction may differ. For example, in some mammals with thicker fur coats, the raised hairs can trap air and create an insulating layer, helping them stay warm. In humans, this reaction may be a remnant of our evolutionary past and may have served a similar function in our distant ancestors. However, in modern humans, the action of the arrector pili muscle no longer serves a significant beneficial function.

Question 6

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?
A) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.
B) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair.
C) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.
D) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.

Accepted Answer

Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts that curl around themselves, causing the hair to have a tightly coiled appearance.

Answer: C
 Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin, which is responsible for giving hair its color.

Therefore, the correct choice(s) are A and C.

Question 7

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.
A) external root sheath
B) cortex
C) cuticle
D) medulla

Accepted Answer

The external root sheath is an external layer that surrounds the hair follicle, not a region of the hair shaft itself. The cortex, cuticle, and medulla are all major regions of the hair shaft.

Question 8

Despite its apparent durability,the dermis is subject to tearing.How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?
A) The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing permanent "black-and-blue marks."
B) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
C) The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.
D) There is an episode of acute pain due to the large number of tactile corpuscles.

Accepted Answer

Visible, silvery-white scars are a sign of stretching and tearing of the dermis. When the skin is stretched beyond its limit, it can leave behind scar tissue that appears silvery-white in color. This happens when the tear is deep enough to damage the collagen fibers in the dermis. Over time, the scars may fade, but they will never disappear completely.

Question 9

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being.Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
A) Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces.
B) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it.
C) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.
D) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments.

Accepted Answer

Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces in the stratum corneum form a waterproof barrier that helps prevent excessive water loss through the skin. The dermis and fat associated with skin play a role in protecting against water loss but are not the primary mechanism. The size and shape of cells in the stratum spinosum and intermediate filaments are important for maintaining skin stability and strength, but do not directly protect against water loss.

Question 10

The dermis is a strong,flexible connective tissue layer.Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
A) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes
B) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
C) goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes
D) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells

Accepted Answer

Fibroblasts are the most common cell type in the dermis and are responsible for producing collagen and other extracellular matrix components. Macrophages are involved in immune responses and mast cells play a role in inflammation and allergic reactions. Monocytes, reticulocytes, osteocytes, goblet cells, parietal cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells are not typically found in the dermis.

Question 11

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
A) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.
B) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
C) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.
D) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.

Accepted Answer

Melanomas are not as common as other types of skin cancer, but they are the most dangerous and can quickly spread to other parts of the body if not removed. Early detection and removal are crucial in preventing metastasis.

Question 12

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
A) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules
B) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature
C) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
D) provide the melanocyte with nutrients necessary for melanin synthesis

Accepted Answer

Keratinocytes accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer that protects DNA from UV damage. Melanocytes synthesize melanin granules and transfer them to the keratinocytes.

Question 13

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?
A) melanocytes protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays
B) keratinocytes provide sense of touch and pressure
C) dendritic cells activate the immune system
D) tactile cells protection

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells are responsible for activating the immune system by presenting antigens to T-lymphocytes.

The other choices are incorrect:
A) Melanocytes produce melanin pigment, which provides protection against the harmful effects of UV rays.
B) Keratinocytes are responsible for the formation of the skin barrier and produce the protein keratin. They do not provide the sense of touch and pressure. 
D) Tactile cells (also known as Merkel cells) are responsible for detecting light touch and pressure, not protection.

Question 14

Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Thick skin has a more extensive dermal...

Question 15

Which glands produce ear wax?
A) merocrine glands
B) ceruminous glands
C) eccrine glands
D) apocrine glands

Accepted Answer

Ceruminous glands produce the earwax or cerumen. These glands are modified sweat glands located in the skin of the outer ear canal. Merocrine glands produce sweat, eccrine glands are a type of merocrine gland found all over the body, and apocrine glands are found in the armpits and genital area and produce a different type of sweat.

Question 16

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
A) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock
B) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus
C) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock
D) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

Accepted Answer

The major part of the hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue, which has a high percentage of fat cells that serve as an effective shock absorber. This helps to protect the underlying tissues and organs from damage due to external forces like trauma or impact.

Question 17

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
A) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
B) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
C) bind the hair root to the dermis
D) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle

Accepted Answer

The root hair plexus is a network of sensory nerve endings that surrounds the base of a hair follicle. Its function is to detect movement of the hair, allowing it to assist in touch sensation.

Question 18

The friction ridges seen in finger,palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins.This evidence suggests which of the following?
A) That friction ridges change over time.
B) That friction ridges aid in griping.
C) That friction ridges allow for better tactile sensation.
D) That friction ridges are genetically determined.

Accepted Answer

The fact that identical twins have very similar friction ridges suggests that these are genetically determined characteristics. This is further supported by studies that have shown that family members share more similarities in their finger and palm prints compared to unrelated individuals. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 19

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells,each layer with a distinct role to play in the health,well-being,and functioning of the skin.Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
A) stratum corneum
B) stratum granulosum
C) stratum lucidum
D) stratum basale

Accepted Answer

The layer responsible for cell division and replacement is the stratum basale, also known as the basal cell layer or the germinative layer. This layer is located at the bottom of the epidermis and contains stem cells that continuously produce new skin cells throughout the life of an individual. As new cells are produced, the older ones move upward and eventually slough off, contributing to the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum.

Question 20

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.
A) genetics
B) use of farm chemicals
C) race
D) overexposure to UV radiation

Accepted Answer

Overexposure to UV radiation is the single most important risk factor for skin cancer, as it damages the DNA in skin cells and increases the likelihood of mutations that can lead to cancer. Genetics, use of farm chemicals, and race can also be risk factors, but are not as significant as UV exposure.

Quiz 5: The Integumentary System

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis.Which of the statements below do not represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?

The dermis has two major layers.Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot,almost to the papillary region of the dermis.Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but its beneficial functions differ.

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.

Despite its apparent durability,the dermis is subject to tearing.How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being.Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

The dermis is a strong,flexible connective tissue layer.Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?

Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.

Which glands produce ear wax?

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.

The friction ridges seen in finger,palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins.This evidence suggests which of the following?

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells,each layer with a distinct role to play in the health,well-being,and functioning of the skin.Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.