Question 1

The effects of electrical stimulation of the nervous system were observed by

Accepted Answer

Galvani and du Bois-Reymond were the early pioneers who observed the effects of electrical stimulation on the nervous system. Descartes focused more on the philosophical aspects of the mind-body connection, while Golgi and Cajal were known for their work on the structure of the nervous system through the use of staining techniques. van Leeuwenhoek, on the other hand, was a microbiologist who made significant contributions to the field of microscopy.

Question 2

Localization of function in the brain became established in large part due to the work of

Accepted Answer

The work of Broca, Fritsch, and Hitzig provided evidence for the localization of function in the brain, specifically in the motor cortex. While Descartes and Hughlings Jackson contributed to the understanding of the brain, their work did not directly establish the concept of localization of function. Santiago Ramón y Cajal's work focused on the structure of the brain rather than function.

Question 3

According to Descartes,the mind

Accepted Answer

Descartes believed that the mind is not a physical entity that can be studied. He argued that it is separate from the body and can exist independently of it. He called this concept dualism.

Question 4

The notion of neural communication via fluids was abandoned in response to the work of

Accepted Answer

Galvani and du Bois-Reymond demonstrated that nerves conduct electricity, which led to the abandonment of the idea that neural communication occurs via fluids.

Question 5

Anton van Leeuwenhoek advanced brain science by

Accepted Answer

Anton van Leeuwenhoek is known for his invention of the light microscope, which allowed for the visualization of microorganisms and other small living things. While he made significant contributions to the field of microbiology, he did not specifically advance brain science or propose the Neuron Doctrine (which was developed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal). Additionally, the discovery of neuron communication via electricity and separate sensory/motor pathways occurred much later in history.

Question 6

The term "synapse," meaning the point of communication between two neurons,was first used by

Accepted Answer

Charles Sherrington first used the term synapse to describe the point of communication between two neurons.

Question 7

Which of the following made the Neuron Doctrine possible?

Accepted Answer

The Neuron Doctrine was made possible by the use of stains in histology, which allowed for the visualization of individual neurons under a light microscope. This was a crucial development in the study of nervous tissue that allowed scientists to distinguish between different types of cells and establish the concept of a neuron as the basic unit of the nervous system. Additionally, the development of better microscopes and imaging techniques over time has further refined our understanding of neurons and their organization within the brain.

Question 8

Phrenology is a

Accepted Answer

Phrenology was a pseudoscientific belief that personality traits could be determined by the shape and size of bumps or ridges on the skull. It has been largely discredited and is not considered a valid scientific technique or practice.

Question 9

According to Descartes,

Accepted Answer

Descartes believed that only humans possess reason and the capacity for thought, distinguishing them from non-human animals, which he considered as automata without minds.

Question 10

Gall and Spurzheim are responsible for

Accepted Answer

Gall and Spurzheim are known for their work in phrenology, which was a pseudoscientific theory that claimed to identify the personality and intellectual traits of individuals based on the shape and size of their skulls. This theory has since been widely discredited. The other options, including the Neuron Doctrine, electrical nature of neural communication, and separate pathways for sensory and motor information, are associated with different researchers and discoveries.

Question 11

Your former roommate's personality has changed a great deal since an accident injured his frontal cortex.This observation offers support for the _________ view of the mind-body connection.

Accepted Answer

The observation that changes in the brain due to injury have led to changes in personality supports the monistic view of the mind-body connection, which suggests that mental processes are a result of physical processes in the brain.

Question 12

The Neuron Doctrine pertains to the

Accepted Answer

The Neuron Doctrine is concerned with the nervous system as a collection of separate cells, which is represented by Choice D.

Question 13

Dr.Jones argues that higher levels of the brain inhibit aggressive impulses originating in lower levels of the brain.It is likely that Dr.Jones has been most directly influenced in her thinking by the work of

Accepted Answer

John Hughlings Jackson was a neurologist who proposed the concept of hierarchical organization of the brain, with higher levels controlling and inhibiting lower levels. This idea aligns with Dr. Jones' argument about the inhibition of aggressive impulses by higher brain levels.

Question 14

Although phrenology is mostly wrong,what did phrenologists get right about the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Phrenologists were correct that certain brain functions can be localized to specific areas in the brain. This is now a well-established concept in neuroscience, known as functional specialization.

Question 15

The work of Fritz and Hitzig provided further evidence for the

Accepted Answer

The work of Fritz and Hitzig supported the concept of localization of function in the brain, specifically in the motor cortex.

Question 16

We know today that Santiago Ramón y Cajal's Neuron Doctrine is true,but what theory competed with the Neuron doctrine as recently as the early 1900s?

Accepted Answer

Camillo Golgi's view of the nervous system as an interconnected network, known as the reticular theory, was a competing theory to Cajal's neuron doctrine which proposed that the nervous system was made up of a continuous network of cells. It wasn't until advancements in staining techniques that Cajal's theory was ultimately proven to be correct.

Question 17

Hughlings Jackson is best known for

Accepted Answer

Hughlings Jackson is best known for viewing the nervous system as a hierarchy. He believed that higher brain functions were organized in a hierarchy, with simpler functions being controlled by lower parts of the brain and more complex functions being controlled by higher parts of the brain. This concept is known as Jacksonian hierarchy or levels of organization, and has had a significant impact on our understanding of the neurological organization of the brain.

Question 18

The localization of language functions in the brain was observed by

Accepted Answer

Paul Broca observed the localization of language functions in the brain. He discovered a specific area in the left hemisphere, called Broca's area, that is responsible for speech production.

Question 19

Experiments in which the motor cortex of dogs was stimulated electrically were carried out by

Accepted Answer

Fritsch and Hitzig were the ones who performed the experiments in which the motor cortex of dogs was stimulated electrically. Paul Broca studied language processing and localization in the brain. Santiago Ramón y Cajal is known for his contributions to the field of neuroscience, particularly his work on the structure of the nervous system. Camillo Golgi developed the Golgi stain, which allowed for better visualization of individual neurons.

Question 20

The Neuron Doctrine was proposed by

Accepted Answer

The Neuron Doctrine, which states that individual neurons are the basic units of the nervous system, was proposed by Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Quiz 1: Introducing Biological Psychology